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CH 18: ENDOCRINE
chapter 16
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| endocrine system | bodys second great controlling system which influences metabolic activited by means of hormones responses are slower but last longer |
| endocrine glands | pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, pineal, and thymus |
| hypothalamus | part of brain the communicates with pituitary gland both neural functions and releases hormones |
| hormones | long distance chemical signals that travel in blood or lympth travels anywhere |
| autocrines | cell that affects itself |
| paracrines | affects cells around it |
| autocrines and paracrines are local chemical messengers and will/will not be considered part of endocrine system | will not |
| eicosanoids | biologically active lipids with local hormone like activity |
| what are the three types of hormones | 1. amino acid based 2. steroids 3. eicosanoids |
| which hormones use second messengers? | amino acid hormones |
| which hormones use direct gene activation | steroid horomes |
| true or false. steroids use secondary messengers | false. amino acid hormones use secondary hormones. |
| TRUE/FALSE... PIP and cyclic AMP are second messengers | true |
| what does PIP and cyclic AMP do? | binds then goes to the next and then there is a final |
| what does protein synthesis do? | repair |
| what do steroid hormones do? | -dna produces mRNA -mRNA is translated to protein |
| what are the three factors that target cell activation depends on? | 1. hormones 2. receptors 3. affinity of receptors |
| up regulations | target cells form more receptors in response to the hormone (you make more, like when you life weights) |
| down regulation | target loose receptors in response to hormone (stop lifting weights) |
| the concentration of circulating hormones in blood reflects | 1. rate of release 2. speed of inactivation and removal from body |
| most hormones circulate in blood without carriers. which hormones are attached to plasma proteins? | steroids and thyroid hormones |
| how are hormones removed from the blood | 1.degrading enzymes 2. the kidneys 3. live enzyme systems |
| the time required for a hormones blood level to decrease by half is known as | half time |
| what are the three types of hormone interaction? | 1.permissiveness 2. synergism 3. antagonism |
| what is permissiveness and an example | one hormone cannot exert its effects without another hormone being present ex- thyroid hormone and reproductive system |
| what is synergism and an example | more than one hormone produces the same effects on a target cell ex- glucagon and epinephrine in release of liver glucose (they both do the same thing) |
| what is antagonism and an example | 2 hormones oppose each other ex- insulin puts sugar in cells and glucagon raise sugar levels |
| blood level hormones are controlled by | negative feedback systems so, build up hormone, when its at where it needs to be it shuts off |
| secretion of hormones in direct response to changing blood levels of ions and nutrients in known as | humoral stimuli |
| when is PTH secreted | when blood calcium concentration are declining |
| nerve fibers simulate hormone release | neural stimuli |
| catecholamines are | epinephrin norepinephrine dopamine |
| norepinephrine can function as a ____ and ____ | neurotransmitter and hormone |
| example of neural stimuli is when | the sympathetic nervous system fibers stimlate the adrenal medulla to secret catecholamines it happens immediately |
| the release of hormones in response to hormones produced by other endocrine organs | hormonal stimuli |
| example of hormonal stimuli | the hypothalamic hormones stimulate the anterior pituitary and in turn, pituitary hormones stimulate targets to secrete more hormones |
| two lobed organ that secretes nine major hormones is | pituitary gland |
| neurohypophysis | posterior lobe and infundibulum doesnt make hormones recieves and stores and releases hormones from the hypothalamus |
| adenohypophysis | anterior lobe- makes hormones and secretes them |
| what tissue makes up the adenohypophysis | glandular tissue |
| what tissue makes up the neurohypophysis | neural tissue |
| the hypothalamus makes hormones and stores it in the ........ | posterior lobe (neurohypphysis) |
| the nuclei of the hypothalmus synethesis ____ and _____ | oxytin and antidiuretic hormone (ADH |
| what are the anterior pituitary hormones | 1. human growth hormone (hGH) 2. thyroid stimulating hormone (tsh) or thyrotropin 3. adrenocorticotropic hormone (acth) 4. follicle stimulating hormone (fsh) 5. luteinizing hormone (lh) 6. prolactin (prl) |
| the ______ sends a chemical stimulus to the anterior pituitary | hypothalamus |
| releasing and inhibiting hormones are made by the | hypothalamus |
| what do the releasing hormones do | stimulate the synethsis and release hormones |
| what do inhibiting hormones do | shut off the synthesis and release of hormones |
| human growth hormones | 1. produce cells called somatotrophs) 2. target bones and skeletal muscles 3. use fats for fuel 4. insulin like growth factors |
| what are the actions of growth hormone | stimulates liver, skeletal muscle, bone and cartilidge to produce insulin like growth factors mobilizes fat and elevated blood glucose by decreasing glucose uptake |
| hypersecretion is children causes | giagantism |
| hypersecretion is adults causes | acromegaly which is an explansion of jaw and feet |
| how can gigantisim be fixed | by removing the pituitary tumor |
| what does hyposecretion is children cause and how can it be fixed | dwarfism and can be fixed by GH injections |
| what is the flow chart from thryoid stimuating hormone | hypothalmas>trh>anterior pituitary>tsh>thyroid gland>thyroid hormones>target cells |
| adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates the ______ to release_______ | adrenal cortex corticosteroids |
| corticotroin releasing hormone makes_____ | corticotropin |
| which hormone is absent from blood in prepubertal boys and girls | follicle stimulating hormone (fsh) luteinizing hormone (lh) |
| stimulates gamete production | follicle stimulating hormone (fsh) |
| promotes production of gonadal hormones | luteinizing hormone (lh) |
| what is the end product of gonadotropin releasing hormone | estrogen and testosterone |
| what are the functions of gonadotropins in females | 1. maturation of ovarian follicle 2. trigger ovulation 3. estrogen and progesterone |
| what are the functions of gonadotropins in males | lh stimulates interstital cells of testes to make testosterone |
| prolactin | breast milk blood levels rise toward end of pregnancy secreted by lactotro |
| prolactin is primarily controlled by | prolactin inhibiting hormone (dopamine) to prevent it from being used |
| what does the posterior pituitary store | antidiuertic hormone (adh) oxytocin |
| antidiuertic hormone (adh) and oxytocin are synthesized in | the hypothalamus |
| what influences water balance? | adh |
| what stimulated smooth muscle contraction in breasts and uterus | oxytocin |
| what are some functions of oxytocin | uterine contraction positive feedback mechanisim to oxytocin in blood this leads to increased intensity of uterine contractions, ending birth triggers milk ejection plays role in sexual arousal |
| decrease production of urine | antidiuretic hormone |
| when blood is too concentrated, adh is ______ | released |
| when blood has to much water, adh is _____ | inhibited |
| ADH deficiency | diabetes insipidus; huge output of urine and intense thirst |
| adh hypersecretion | syndrom of inappropiae adh secretion after neurosurgery, trauma, etc |
| the largest endocrine gland is | thyroid |
| he largest gland is | liver |
| largest organ is | skin |
Created by:
rivaisrael