Muscular system
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| Sarcolemma | muscle cell membrane
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| Sarcoplasm | muscle cell cytoplasm
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| Myofilaments | contracitle elements of each muscle fiber
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| Muscle fiber | elongated cylindrical cell
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| Myofibrils | groups of contrractile myofilaments that runn longitudinal within the muscle
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| Sarcomeres | a small seciton or compartment within a myofibril> zline to zline - responsible for muscle contraction
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| Myofilaments | structural components of myofibrils
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| Myosin | thick myofilaments - occupy A Band of sarcomere - shaped like a golf club
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| Actin | thin myofilaments - anchored to the Z Line
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| A (Anisotropic) Band | Area of sarcomere = length of Myosin - dark bands
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| I (Isotropic) Band | Area in successive sarcomeres between the ends of the myosin myofilaments (Actin only) light bands
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| Muscle Nerve Interaction of the Neuromuscular Junction = | junction between axon terminal and muscle fiber
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| Muscle Nerve Interaction of Motor End Plate = | location on the muscle fiber at the end of an axon terminal
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| Muscle Nerve Interaction of Motor Neuron = | a nerve cell that innervates a muscle fiber - end of the nerve
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| Muscle Nerve interaction - Syrapse = | functional connection
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| Hemoglobin | in red blood cell - carries oxygen to muscle
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| Myoglobin | stores oxygen in muscle tissue
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| Muscle Origin and Insertion - Origin | immovable end of muscle - body segment w/ most mass - usually more proximally located - usually larger surface area of attachment
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| Muscle origin and Insertion - Insertion | body segment w/ least mass - usually more distally located - usually smaller surface area of attachment
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| Muscle Origin and Insertion - Gaster (belly) | fleshy portion of the muscle between the tendons of the origin insertion
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| Cardiac Muscle | striated - involuntary (usually)
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| Smooth (Visceral) Muscle | located in walls of hollow internal surfaces such as: blood vessels, stomach, urinary bladder or intestines - non striated in appearance - involuntary (usually)
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| A nervous system is composed of | neurons and neuroglia
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| ____________ transmit _________________ along nerve fibers to other neurons. | Neurons Nerve impulses
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| Neurons typically have a __________, ________ and _____________. | cell body, axons, dendrites
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| Organs of the nervous system can be divided in ___________________ and ________________. | Central nervous system (CNS) and Peripheral nervous sytem (PNS)
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| Central Nervous System (CNS) is made up of | the brain and spinal cord
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| Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) is made up of | peripheral nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
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| What is at the ends of the peripheral nerves that gathers information and converts it into nerve impulses | sensory receptors
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| What is the integrative function of the nervous system | when sensory impulses are integrated in the brain as perceptions
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| What 2 systems can motor functions be divided into | consciously controlled - somatic nervous system and the unconscious - autonomic system
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| What do Neuroglial cell do | fill spaces, support neurons, provide structural frameworks, produce myolin and carry on phagacytosis
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| _________________ are the myelin - producing neuroglia of the peripheral nervous system | Schwann cells
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| Branching ____________ carry impulses from other neurons toward the cell body | dendrites
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| The ______ transmits the impulse away from the axon hillock of the the cell and may give off side branches | Axon
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| Larger axons are enclosed by ___________ profived by Schwann cells and are myelinated fibers | Myelin Sheaths
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| The PNS is made up of the what? | Sematic nervous system, that oversees voluntary activities.
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| What controlls involuntary activities? | Autonomic nercous system.
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| The PNS is made up of the what? | Sematic nervous system, that oversees voluntary activities.
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| The PNS is made up of the what? | Sematic nervous system, that oversees voluntary activities.
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| What controlls involuntary activities? | Autonomic nercous system.
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| The PNS is made up of the what? | Sematic nervous system, that oversees voluntary activities.
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| What are the gaps between neurons? | Synapses
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| What are nerve impulses? | they fire throughout the body, by a local current flowing.
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| What controlls involuntary activities? | Autonomic nercous system.
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| What are neurotransmitters? | Biochemicals that carry out the synaptic transmission process in the synaptic cleft.
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| What are the gaps between neurons? | Synapses
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| Where do synapses exist? | Between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another.
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| What controlls involuntary activities? | Autonomic nercous system.
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| What are nerve impulses? | they fire throughout the body, by a local current flowing.
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| When the neurotransmitters are stimulated to flood the gap and bond to ion channels on the post synaptic neuron what happens? | This causes an action potential to be produced.
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| Where do synapses exist? | Between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another.
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| What are the gaps between neurons? | Synapses
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| What are neurotransmitters? | Biochemicals that carry out the synaptic transmission process in the synaptic cleft.
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| When the neurotransmitters are stimulated to flood the gap and bond to ion channels on the post synaptic neuron what happens? | This causes an action potential to be produced.
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| Where do synapses exist? | Between the axon of one neuron and the dendrite of another.
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| What are neurotransmitters? | Biochemicals that carry out the synaptic transmission process in the synaptic cleft.
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| What does the Motor efferent division do? | Transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs.
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| Where do visceral afferent fibers go? | Transmit impulses from visceral organs to the brain.
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| When the neurotransmitters are stimulated to flood the gap and bond to ion channels on the post synaptic neuron what happens? | This causes an action potential to be produced.
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| Where do sensory (afferent) division go? | To the brain.
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| What are neurotransmitters? | Biochemicals that carry out the synaptic transmission process in the synaptic cleft.
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| What does the Motor efferent division do? | Transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs.
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| What do sensory afferent fibers do? | Carry impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to the brain.
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| What are nerve impulses? | they fire throughout the body, by a local current flowing.
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| What are nerve impulses? | they fire throughout the body, by a local current flowing.
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| Where do visceral afferent fibers go? | Transmit impulses from visceral organs to the brain.
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| Where do sensory (afferent) division go? | To the brain.
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| What is the Meninges function? | Is to protect the nervous system.
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| What do sensory afferent fibers do? | Carry impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to the brain.
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| Where do sensory (afferent) division go? | To the brain.
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| What does the Motor efferent division do? | Transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs.
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| What do sensory afferent fibers do? | Carry impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, and joints to the brain.
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| Where do visceral afferent fibers go? | Transmit impulses from visceral organs to the brain.
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| What does the Motor efferent division do? | Transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs.
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| What are the brain and spinal cord surrounded by? | Meninges.
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| Where does Motor (efferent) division go? | From the brain.
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| What is the cerebral cortex? | Layer of gray matter towards the outside of the cranium. 75% of the cell bodies are here.
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| What does the Motor efferent division do? | Transmits impulses from the CNS to effector organs.
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| What are the brain and spinal cord surrounded by? | Meninges.
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| Where does the spinal cord go? | Between the first and second lumbar.
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| What is the Meninges function? | Is to protect the nervous system.
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| What is the thalamus? | Sensory and motor impulses. Functions in memory.
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| The brain contains how many multipolar neurons? | 100 billion.
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| Where does the spinal cord go? | Between the first and second lumbar.
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| What can the brain be divided into? | Cerebrum(largest portion) Diencepalon(sensory input) cerebellum(muscle activity) brainstem(regulates visceral activities)
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| The brain contains how many multipolar neurons? | 100 billion.
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| What can the brain be divided into? | Cerebrum(largest portion) Diencepalon(sensory input) cerebellum(muscle activity) brainstem(regulates visceral activities)
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| What can the brain be divided into? | Cerebrum(largest portion) Diencepalon(sensory input) cerebellum(muscle activity) brainstem(regulates visceral activities)
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| The lobes of the brain? | Frontal, parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula.
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| What are the myelinated nerve fibers? | Makes up white matter. Connects cell bodies of the cerebral cortex with the rest of the nervous system.
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| What is the cerebral cortex? | Layer of gray matter towards the outside of the cranium. 75% of the cell bodies are here.
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| Functions of cerebrum? | Interprets sensory impulses, functions in skilled skeletal muscle functions, and emotional processing.
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| What are the myelinated nerve fibers? | Makes up white matter. Connects cell bodies of the cerebral cortex with the rest of the nervous system.
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| What is the thalamus? | Sensory and motor impulses. Functions in memory.
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| Functions of cerebrum? | Interprets sensory impulses, functions in skilled skeletal muscle functions, and emotional processing.
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| What is the hypothalamus? | Regulates in hormonal output of the pituitary gland, regulates body temperature, food intake, water balance, and thirst.
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| What is the thalamus? | Sensory and motor impulses. Functions in memory.
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| What does the brain stem consist of? | Layer of gray matter towards the outside of the cranium. 75% of the cell bodies are here.
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| What is the hypothalamus? | Regulates in hormonal output of the pituitary gland, regulates body temperature, food intake, water balance, and thirst.
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| What are the myelinated nerve fibers? | Makes up white matter. Connects cell bodies of the cerebral cortex with the rest of the nervous system.
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| What does the brain stem consist of? |
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| Functions of cerebrum? | Interprets sensory impulses, functions in skilled skeletal muscle functions, and emotional processing.
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| What is the thalamus? | Sensory and motor impulses. Functions in memory.
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| What is the hypothalamus? | Regulates in hormonal output of the pituitary gland, regulates body temperature, food intake, water balance, and thirst.
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| What does the brain stem consist of? | Mid-brain, pons, and medulla oblongata lies at the base of the cerebrum, and cts the brain to the spinal cord.
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| Medulla oblongata? | Heart rate, and blood pressure.
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| Pons? | Regulation of respiration.
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| Midbrain? | Visual and auditory reflex centers and fear response.
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| Cerebellum? | Processes and interprets impulses from the motor cortex making movements smooth and well timed.(coordination)
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| Order of muscle structure? | Muscle->Fascicles->Muscle fibers(Sacrolemma)(Neuromuscular junction)->Myofibrils->Thick(myosin) and thin(actin) filaments.
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| Travel of neurons? | Impulses travel from dendrites to cell body to axons.
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