medSurgFinal
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| Miosis | Constriction of the pupil
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| Mydriasis | dilation of the pupil
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| Myopia | Nearsightedness
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| Hyperopia | Farsightedness
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| Retinoscopy | Scans retina to objectively determine visual acuity (objective)
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| Refractometry | Tests myopia/hyperopia - "this one, or this one is clearer?" (subjective)
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| Visual field perimetry | peripheral vision evaluation
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| Ultrasonography/sonogram | ID foreign objects in the eye
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| Fouorescein angiography/angiogram | uses dye to look for vessel problems in the eye
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| Glaucoma | Increased intraocular pressure
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| Primary Open-angle glaucoma | Most common form of glaucoma
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| Primary Open-angle glaucoma comes how? | This kind of glaucoma is insidious in its onset AND in its progress
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| what happens with no treatment of Primary Open-angle glaucoma | blindness
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| Angle-closure glaucoma | This kind of glaucoma is as a result of a sudden blockage of the anterior angle at the base of the iris
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| Surgery for glaucoma | ExPRESS glaucoma surgery - shunt placed for drainage
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| Adrenergic glaucoma medications, beta blockers, alpha agonists, carbonic anhydrase | reduce fluid production in the eye
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| Prostalandin Analogs, alpha agonists, | increase drainage - used to treat glaucoma
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| major drug used to decrease intraocular fluid production | timolol (does what for the eyes?)
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| For reference to eye medications and procedures | PDR - physicians desk reference
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| First choice in surgeries to correct glaucoma | laser
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| this kind of glaucoma comes as a result of decreased outflow of aqueous humor | Primary open-angle glaucoma
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| this kind of glaucoma comes as a result of blocked outflow of aqueous humor | Primary angle-closure glaucoma
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| This kind of glaucoma comes as a result of another systemic condition that blocks the outflow channels in some way | secondary glaucoma
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| glaucoma is characterized by what kind of vision | tunnel (no peripheral)
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| What kind of glaucoma results in sudden, excruciating pain in or around the eye? | acute angle closure glaucoma
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| Acute angle-closure glaucoma results in what symptoms | excrusiating pain around the eye, nausea, vomiting, colored halos around lights, blurred vision, ocular redness.
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| goal of glaucoma treatments | reduce IOP (intraocular pressure). Does not cure glaucoma - only controls
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| non-invasive surgery to use when pt doesnt take drugs or drugs have been ineffective | Laser Trabeculoplasty (ALT)
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| A normal affect of drops that should be considered normal with glaucoma | stinging
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| reasons for eye inflamation | bacteria, virus(herpes,shingles), fungus<br> seasonal allergies
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| Another name for conjunctivitis | Pink eye
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| Normal SS of conjunctivitis | redness,tearing,itching,burning,possible white exudate
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| Another name for hordeolum | sty
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| Cause of hordeolum | infection of the sebaceous gland
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| Treatment of hordeolum | warm, moist compresses 4X a day & lid scrubs
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| Topical Drug for eye infection | Erythromycin
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| SS of conjunctivitis | Redness, crusty eyelashes
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| Good treatment for viral conjunctivitis | cold compress
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| procedure of putting eyedrops in a newborn baby to treat conjunctivitis | Ophthalmia neonatorum
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| dry AMD (age-related macular degeneration) is characterized by what symptom? | decreasing nearsightedness
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| between dry and wet age-related macular degeneration which is the most common | dry
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| Which form of age-related macular degeneration is more severe | wet
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| Wet AMD is preceded by what? | dry AMD
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| AMD is related to what? | retinal ageing - yellow plaques start the process. Wet results from the growth of new vessels that begin to leak
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| test for macular degeneration | amsler grid - held 14 inches from the pt. Contortion or missing parts is a positive indicator
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| which form of AMD is faster progressing | wet
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| Dry form of AMD has small yellow deposits called what | drusen
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| What is the definitive cure for AMD | none. Many homeopathic options but nothing proven
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| Macular degeneration has what SS | small spots collect at the center of vision and progressively gets worse
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| Risk factors for retinal detachment | age, cataract extraction, degeneration, trauma, severe myopia, diabetes
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| What causes retinal detachment | Retinal necrosis
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| SS of retinal detachment | Shadows, black areas in vision, cobweb or hairnet ring in the field of vision. Once retina has detached patient describes loss of vision like a curtain coming across the field of vision
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| Surgical management of retinal detachment | scleral buckle method and laser treatment(put bubble into the eye) - designed to keep the retina from detaching completely. Vision is not improved.
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| Cure for retinal detachment | No cure
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| Retinopathy is caused by what? | microvascular damage to the retina (ie. high blood sugars in diabetic retinopathy)
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| How do you prevent further damage to retina in diabetic retinopathy | control blood sugars!
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| S/S of retinopathy | photopsia(light flashes) and visual disturbances
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| A staring expression (big eyes) commonly found in people with Graves Disease or Hyperthyroidism is known as what | Stellwags sign or exophthalmos
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| other ways to get visual disturbances/blindness | CMV(herpes) comes out due to immunosupression from HIV or cancer.<br>
Lyme disease
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| Lyme Disease | bite of a tick, can affect the vision
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| Aids for altered vision | magnifiers, high intensity lamps, computers, large print books, books on tape, large clocks/watches, and glasses
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| Vision aids for words | Diffuse bright lights w/ no shadows; red pinks and yellows; extra space between words; edges, borders and boundries are difficult to see
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| Nursing Diagnoses | Risk for injury; self care deficits; grieving
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| Conductive Hearing Loss | Interference of sound transmission through external and middle ear
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| Sensorineural Hearing Loss | Impairment of function of the inner ear or eighth cranial nerve
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| Mixed hearing loss | both conductive and sensorineural
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| Clinical Manifestations to hearing loss | no response to communication; loud speech; listen to TV at increased volume; tilting head; faulty speech articulation
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| etiology of conductive hearing loss | ear obstruction, infection, otosclerosis, tympanosclerosis, trauma to tympanic membrane
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| Otosclerosis | spongy bone develops from the bony labyrinth, preventing movement of the footplate of the stapes in the oval window
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| Tympanosclerosis | calcification of tissues in the middle ear
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| Prevention of conductive hearing loss (primary, secondary, tertiary) | Primary: Minimize risks, Secondary: Early detection, Tertiary: Hearing rehabilitation programs
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| Etiology of sensorial hearing loss (air) | Presbycusis = old ears, congenital hearing loss, noise-induced hearing loss, benign and malignant tumors, Meniere's disease
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| Tonometry | testing for intraocular pressure (glaucoma)
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| Refractometry | how much eye has changed? contracting a stigma?
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| Visual field perimetry | checks peripheral vision
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| Audiometry | headphones on, raise hand when you hear the sound
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| Rinne test | a tuning fork is struck to produce sound and vibration. placed against the mastoid bone
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| Weber test | place an activated tuning for on the midline of the skull or the forehead
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| Tx of hearing loss | profound hearing loss that is sensorineural use cochlear implants, hearing aid
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| Cause of meniere's disease | unknown; may be related to fluid in inner ear; precipitated by a viral infection
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| s/s of meniere's disease | vertigo, tinnitus, and regressive unilateral hearing loss, (men and women affected equally)
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| Meniere's disease | may be gradual or sudden; recurrent attacks of vertigo - room spinning, N/V, hypotension, diaphoresis, and nystagmus
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| Drugs for Meniere's disease | Sedatives, anticholinergics, vasodilators, antihistamines
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| surgical for Menieree's disease | endolymphatic shunt, vestibular nerve section
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| Home care for Meniere's disease | Diuretics, antihistamines, vasodilators, vitamins, Valium, low-salt diet, restriction of caffeine, nicotine, alcohol intake
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| Earache (otalagia) eitology | infection, external ear trauma, foreign bodies, and eustachian tube disorders
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| infections of what in earaches | otitis externa, tympanic membrane infection, otitis media, mastoiditis, and cholesteatoma
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| pathophysiology of otalagia (earache) | inflammatory process
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| clinical manifestations of earache | pain and pressure
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| Medical Management of earache | promote healing, alleviate pain, and restore normal function
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| Ear drops | otic drops - use wick, anesthetics, antibiotics, and steroids
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| Otalagia (earache) surgical management | Myringotomy and tube placement
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| Myringotomy | involves an incision in the tympanum to release the increased pressure and exudate from the middle ear
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| Hyposmia | decreased sense of smell due to aging- smoking, chewing tobacco
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| Anosmia | can't detect odor
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