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Med/Surg Sensory
medSurgFinal
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Miosis | Constriction of the pupil |
| Mydriasis | dilation of the pupil |
| Myopia | Nearsightedness |
| Hyperopia | Farsightedness |
| Retinoscopy | Scans retina to objectively determine visual acuity (objective) |
| Refractometry | Tests myopia/hyperopia - "this one, or this one is clearer?" (subjective) |
| Visual field perimetry | peripheral vision evaluation |
| Ultrasonography/sonogram | ID foreign objects in the eye |
| Fouorescein angiography/angiogram | uses dye to look for vessel problems in the eye |
| Glaucoma | Increased intraocular pressure |
| Primary Open-angle glaucoma | Most common form of glaucoma |
| Primary Open-angle glaucoma comes how? | This kind of glaucoma is insidious in its onset AND in its progress |
| what happens with no treatment of Primary Open-angle glaucoma | blindness |
| Angle-closure glaucoma | This kind of glaucoma is as a result of a sudden blockage of the anterior angle at the base of the iris |
| Surgery for glaucoma | ExPRESS glaucoma surgery - shunt placed for drainage |
| Adrenergic glaucoma medications, beta blockers, alpha agonists, carbonic anhydrase | reduce fluid production in the eye |
| Prostalandin Analogs, alpha agonists, | increase drainage - used to treat glaucoma |
| major drug used to decrease intraocular fluid production | timolol (does what for the eyes?) |
| For reference to eye medications and procedures | PDR - physicians desk reference |
| First choice in surgeries to correct glaucoma | laser |
| this kind of glaucoma comes as a result of decreased outflow of aqueous humor | Primary open-angle glaucoma |
| this kind of glaucoma comes as a result of blocked outflow of aqueous humor | Primary angle-closure glaucoma |
| This kind of glaucoma comes as a result of another systemic condition that blocks the outflow channels in some way | secondary glaucoma |
| glaucoma is characterized by what kind of vision | tunnel (no peripheral) |
| What kind of glaucoma results in sudden, excruciating pain in or around the eye? | acute angle closure glaucoma |
| Acute angle-closure glaucoma results in what symptoms | excrusiating pain around the eye, nausea, vomiting, colored halos around lights, blurred vision, ocular redness. |
| goal of glaucoma treatments | reduce IOP (intraocular pressure). Does not cure glaucoma - only controls |
| non-invasive surgery to use when pt doesnt take drugs or drugs have been ineffective | Laser Trabeculoplasty (ALT) |
| A normal affect of drops that should be considered normal with glaucoma | stinging |
| reasons for eye inflamation | bacteria, virus(herpes,shingles), fungus<br> seasonal allergies |
| Another name for conjunctivitis | Pink eye |
| Normal SS of conjunctivitis | redness,tearing,itching,burning,possible white exudate |
| Another name for hordeolum | sty |
| Cause of hordeolum | infection of the sebaceous gland |
| Treatment of hordeolum | warm, moist compresses 4X a day & lid scrubs |
| Topical Drug for eye infection | Erythromycin |
| SS of conjunctivitis | Redness, crusty eyelashes |
| Good treatment for viral conjunctivitis | cold compress |
| procedure of putting eyedrops in a newborn baby to treat conjunctivitis | Ophthalmia neonatorum |
| dry AMD (age-related macular degeneration) is characterized by what symptom? | decreasing nearsightedness |
| between dry and wet age-related macular degeneration which is the most common | dry |
| Which form of age-related macular degeneration is more severe | wet |
| Wet AMD is preceded by what? | dry AMD |
| AMD is related to what? | retinal ageing - yellow plaques start the process. Wet results from the growth of new vessels that begin to leak |
| test for macular degeneration | amsler grid - held 14 inches from the pt. Contortion or missing parts is a positive indicator |
| which form of AMD is faster progressing | wet |
| Dry form of AMD has small yellow deposits called what | drusen |
| What is the definitive cure for AMD | none. Many homeopathic options but nothing proven |
| Macular degeneration has what SS | small spots collect at the center of vision and progressively gets worse |
| Risk factors for retinal detachment | age, cataract extraction, degeneration, trauma, severe myopia, diabetes |
| What causes retinal detachment | Retinal necrosis |
| SS of retinal detachment | Shadows, black areas in vision, cobweb or hairnet ring in the field of vision. Once retina has detached patient describes loss of vision like a curtain coming across the field of vision |
| Surgical management of retinal detachment | scleral buckle method and laser treatment(put bubble into the eye) - designed to keep the retina from detaching completely. Vision is not improved. |
| Cure for retinal detachment | No cure |
| Retinopathy is caused by what? | microvascular damage to the retina (ie. high blood sugars in diabetic retinopathy) |
| How do you prevent further damage to retina in diabetic retinopathy | control blood sugars! |
| S/S of retinopathy | photopsia(light flashes) and visual disturbances |
| A staring expression (big eyes) commonly found in people with Graves Disease or Hyperthyroidism is known as what | Stellwags sign or exophthalmos |
| other ways to get visual disturbances/blindness | CMV(herpes) comes out due to immunosupression from HIV or cancer.<br> Lyme disease |
| Lyme Disease | bite of a tick, can affect the vision |
| Aids for altered vision | magnifiers, high intensity lamps, computers, large print books, books on tape, large clocks/watches, and glasses |
| Vision aids for words | Diffuse bright lights w/ no shadows; red pinks and yellows; extra space between words; edges, borders and boundries are difficult to see |
| Nursing Diagnoses | Risk for injury; self care deficits; grieving |
| Conductive Hearing Loss | Interference of sound transmission through external and middle ear |
| Sensorineural Hearing Loss | Impairment of function of the inner ear or eighth cranial nerve |
| Mixed hearing loss | both conductive and sensorineural |
| Clinical Manifestations to hearing loss | no response to communication; loud speech; listen to TV at increased volume; tilting head; faulty speech articulation |
| etiology of conductive hearing loss | ear obstruction, infection, otosclerosis, tympanosclerosis, trauma to tympanic membrane |
| Otosclerosis | spongy bone develops from the bony labyrinth, preventing movement of the footplate of the stapes in the oval window |
| Tympanosclerosis | calcification of tissues in the middle ear |
| Prevention of conductive hearing loss (primary, secondary, tertiary) | Primary: Minimize risks, Secondary: Early detection, Tertiary: Hearing rehabilitation programs |
| Etiology of sensorial hearing loss (air) | Presbycusis = old ears, congenital hearing loss, noise-induced hearing loss, benign and malignant tumors, Meniere's disease |
| Tonometry | testing for intraocular pressure (glaucoma) |
| Refractometry | how much eye has changed? contracting a stigma? |
| Visual field perimetry | checks peripheral vision |
| Audiometry | headphones on, raise hand when you hear the sound |
| Rinne test | a tuning fork is struck to produce sound and vibration. placed against the mastoid bone |
| Weber test | place an activated tuning for on the midline of the skull or the forehead |
| Tx of hearing loss | profound hearing loss that is sensorineural use cochlear implants, hearing aid |
| Cause of meniere's disease | unknown; may be related to fluid in inner ear; precipitated by a viral infection |
| s/s of meniere's disease | vertigo, tinnitus, and regressive unilateral hearing loss, (men and women affected equally) |
| Meniere's disease | may be gradual or sudden; recurrent attacks of vertigo - room spinning, N/V, hypotension, diaphoresis, and nystagmus |
| Drugs for Meniere's disease | Sedatives, anticholinergics, vasodilators, antihistamines |
| surgical for Menieree's disease | endolymphatic shunt, vestibular nerve section |
| Home care for Meniere's disease | Diuretics, antihistamines, vasodilators, vitamins, Valium, low-salt diet, restriction of caffeine, nicotine, alcohol intake |
| Earache (otalagia) eitology | infection, external ear trauma, foreign bodies, and eustachian tube disorders |
| infections of what in earaches | otitis externa, tympanic membrane infection, otitis media, mastoiditis, and cholesteatoma |
| pathophysiology of otalagia (earache) | inflammatory process |
| clinical manifestations of earache | pain and pressure |
| Medical Management of earache | promote healing, alleviate pain, and restore normal function |
| Ear drops | otic drops - use wick, anesthetics, antibiotics, and steroids |
| Otalagia (earache) surgical management | Myringotomy and tube placement |
| Myringotomy | involves an incision in the tympanum to release the increased pressure and exudate from the middle ear |
| Hyposmia | decreased sense of smell due to aging- smoking, chewing tobacco |
| Anosmia | can't detect odor |
Created by:
mwillis
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