Ch 9
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| Thinking | the mental process of manipulating information by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting critically or creatively
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| Subconscious processes | mental processes occurring outside of consious awareness but accessible to consciousness when necessary
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| Non-conscious processes | mental processes occurring outside of and not available to consciousness
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| Implicit learning | when you have acquired knowledge about something without being aware how you did so, and without being able to state exactly what you have learned
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| Mindlessness | mental inflexibility, inertia, and obliviousness
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| Heuristic | a rule of thumb that suggests a course of action or guides problem solving but oes not guarantee an optimal solution
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| Affect heuristic | the tendency to consult one’s emotions instead of estimating probabilities objectively
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| Availability heuristic | the tendency to judge the probability of a type of event by how easy it is to think of examples or instances
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| Framing effect | the sense of fairness takes precedence over rational self-interest when people make economic choices
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| Hindsight bias | the tendency to overestimate one’s ability to have predicted an event once the outcome is known
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| Confirmation bias | the tendency to pay attention only to information that confirms one’s own beliefs
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| Mental set | tendency to solve problems using procedures that worked before on similar problems
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| Cognitive dissonance | a state of tension that occurs when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent or when a person’s belief is incongruent with his/her behavior
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| Justification of effort | the tendency of people to increase their liking for something they have worked hard for or suffered to attain
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| Critical thinking | thinking reflectively, and productively, and evaluating evidence
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| Creative thinking | the ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways, and to devise unconventional solutions to problems
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| Intelligence | an inferred characteristic of an individual, usually defined as the ability to profit from experience, acquire knowledge, think abstractly, act purposefully, or adapt to changes in the environment
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| Psychometric approach to intelligence | the measurement abilities, traits, and processes
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| g factor | a general intellectual ability assumed by many theorists to underline specific mental abilities and talents
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| Mental age (MA) | measure of mental development expressed in years
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| Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale | a standardized test that measures intelligence and cognitive abilities in children and adults, from age two through mature adulthood, also assists in the diagnosis of a learning disability, developmental delay, mental retardation or giftedness
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| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale | a standardized test that measures intelligence and cognition in adults 16-89, also used in diagnostics criteria for mental retardation and ADHD
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| Stereotype threat | burden of doubt and anxiety one feels about his or her performance due to negative stereotypes about his or her group
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| Triarchic theory of intelligence | analytical (comparing, analyzing, and evaluating), creative (inventing solution to new problems, transfer skills to new situations), practical (applying the things you know to everyday contexts)
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| Theory of multiple intelligence | theory by Howard Gardner that there are nine types of intelligence, or “frames of mind” and that everyone has these intelligences in varying degrees
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| Alfred Binet | developed the idea of mental age
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| Howard Gardner | theory of multiple intelligence
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| William Stern | devised the term IQ
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| Robert Sternberg | triarchic theory
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| David Wechsler | performance tasks
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