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Subconscious processes
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Psych Final Ch 8
Ch 9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Thinking | the mental process of manipulating information by forming concepts, solving problems, making decisions, and reflecting critically or creatively |
| Subconscious processes | mental processes occurring outside of consious awareness but accessible to consciousness when necessary |
| Non-conscious processes | mental processes occurring outside of and not available to consciousness |
| Implicit learning | when you have acquired knowledge about something without being aware how you did so, and without being able to state exactly what you have learned |
| Mindlessness | mental inflexibility, inertia, and obliviousness |
| Heuristic | a rule of thumb that suggests a course of action or guides problem solving but oes not guarantee an optimal solution |
| Affect heuristic | the tendency to consult one’s emotions instead of estimating probabilities objectively |
| Availability heuristic | the tendency to judge the probability of a type of event by how easy it is to think of examples or instances |
| Framing effect | the sense of fairness takes precedence over rational self-interest when people make economic choices |
| Hindsight bias | the tendency to overestimate one’s ability to have predicted an event once the outcome is known |
| Confirmation bias | the tendency to pay attention only to information that confirms one’s own beliefs |
| Mental set | tendency to solve problems using procedures that worked before on similar problems |
| Cognitive dissonance | a state of tension that occurs when a person simultaneously holds two cognitions that are psychologically inconsistent or when a person’s belief is incongruent with his/her behavior |
| Justification of effort | the tendency of people to increase their liking for something they have worked hard for or suffered to attain |
| Critical thinking | thinking reflectively, and productively, and evaluating evidence |
| Creative thinking | the ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways, and to devise unconventional solutions to problems |
| Intelligence | an inferred characteristic of an individual, usually defined as the ability to profit from experience, acquire knowledge, think abstractly, act purposefully, or adapt to changes in the environment |
| Psychometric approach to intelligence | the measurement abilities, traits, and processes |
| g factor | a general intellectual ability assumed by many theorists to underline specific mental abilities and talents |
| Mental age (MA) | measure of mental development expressed in years |
| Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale | a standardized test that measures intelligence and cognitive abilities in children and adults, from age two through mature adulthood, also assists in the diagnosis of a learning disability, developmental delay, mental retardation or giftedness |
| Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale | a standardized test that measures intelligence and cognition in adults 16-89, also used in diagnostics criteria for mental retardation and ADHD |
| Stereotype threat | burden of doubt and anxiety one feels about his or her performance due to negative stereotypes about his or her group |
| Triarchic theory of intelligence | analytical (comparing, analyzing, and evaluating), creative (inventing solution to new problems, transfer skills to new situations), practical (applying the things you know to everyday contexts) |
| Theory of multiple intelligence | theory by Howard Gardner that there are nine types of intelligence, or “frames of mind” and that everyone has these intelligences in varying degrees |
| Alfred Binet | developed the idea of mental age |
| Howard Gardner | theory of multiple intelligence |
| William Stern | devised the term IQ |
| Robert Sternberg | triarchic theory |
| David Wechsler | performance tasks |
Created by:
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