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| Psychology | the science of behavior and mental processes and how they are affected by an organism’s physical state, mental state, and external environment
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| Empirical | relying on evidence gathered by careful observation, experimentation or measurement
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| Critical thinking | the ability and willingness to assess claims and make objective judgments on the basis of well-supported reasons rather than emotion
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| Structuralism | E.B. Titchener; early approach that emphasized the analysis of immediate experience into basic elements; interested in what happens
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| Functionalism | early approach that emphasized the function or purpose of behavior and consciousness; interested in how and why something happens
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| Psychoanalysis | a theory of personality and a method of psychotherapy; emphasizes unconscious motives and conflicts
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| Biological perspective | psychological approach that focuses on how bodily events affect behavior, feelings and thoughts
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| Learning perspective | psychological approach that is concerned with how the environment and experience affect a person’s (or nonhuman animal’s) actions
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| Cognitive perspective | psychological approach that emphasizes on mental processes such as thinking, memory, language, problem solving, and perceptions
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| Sociocultural perspective | psychological approach that emphasizes social and cultural forces outside the individual
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| Psychodynamic perspective | approach that emphasizes unconscious dynamics within the individual, such as inner forces, conflicts, or the movement of instinctual energy
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| Humanist psychology | approach that emphasizes personal growth and the achievement of human potential
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| Academic psychologists | a qualified psychologist who endorses the view that psychology is a scholarly and scientific enterprise, not an informal and intuitive practice (has a doctoral degree)
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| Psychological practice | practitioners focus on understanding and improving mental and physical health by working in mental and general hospitals, clinics, schools, counseling centers, and private practice
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| Applied psychology | the use of psychological principles and theories to overcome problems in other areas; like mental health, business management, education, etc.
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| Wilhelm Wundt | - He conceived psychology as the field that would examine conscious experience as an important phenomenon in its own right, beyond the physical stimuli that affect it
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| William James | influenced functionalism
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| Sigmund Freud | psychoanalysis
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