vocab for science final
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| stimulus | anything that causes a reaction or change in an organism or any part of an organism
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| homeostasis | the maintenance of a constant internal state in a changing environment
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| sexual reproduction | reproduction in which the sex cells from two parents unite, producing offspring that share traits from both parents
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| asexual reproduction | reproductoin that does not invovle the union of sex cells and in which one parent produces offspring identical to itself
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| heredity | the passing of genetic traits for parent to offspring
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| metabolism | the sum of all chemical processes that occur in an organism
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| producer | an organism that can make its own foord by using energy from its surroundings
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| consumer | an organism that eats other organisms or organic matter
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| decomposer | an organism that gets energy by breaking down the remains of dead organisms or animal wastes and consuming or absorbing the nutrients
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| protein | a molecule that is made up of amino acids and that is needed to build and repair body structures and to regulate prcesses i the body
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| carbohydrate | a class of energygiving nutrients that includes sugars, starches, and fiber; contains carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
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| lipid | a type of biochemical that does not dissolve in water;fats and steriods are lipids
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| phospholipid | a lipid that contains phosphorus and that is a structural component in cell membranes
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| ATP | adenosine triphosphate, a molecule that acts as the main energy source for cell processes
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| cell | the smallest unit that can perform all life processes; covered by a membrane and have DNA and cytoplasm
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| cell membrane | a phospholipid layer that covers a cell's surface; acts as a barrier between the inside of a cell and the cell's environment
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| organelle | one of the small bodies in a cell's cytoplasm that are specialized to perform a specific function
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| nucleus | membrane bound organelle that contains the cell's DNA and that has a role in processes such as growth, metabolism, and reproduction
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| prokaryote | an organism that consists of a single cell that does not have a nucleus
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| eukaryote | organism made up of cells that have a nucleus enclosed by a membrane; includes: animals, plants, and fungi, but not archaebacteria or eubacteria
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| cell wall | rigid structure that surrounds the cell membrane and provides support to the cell
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| ribosome | cell organelle composed of RNA and protein
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| endoplasmic reticulum | a system of membranes that is found in a cells' cytoplasm and that assists in production, processiung, and transport of proteins and in the production of lipids
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| mitchondrion | in eukaryotic cells, the cell organelle that is surrounded by two membranes and that is the site of cellular respiration
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| Golgi complex | cell organelle that helps make and package materials to be transported out of the cell
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| vesicle | a small cavity or sac that contains materials in a eukaryotic cell
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| lysosone | a cell that contains digestive ensymes
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| tissue | a group of similar cells that perform a common function
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| organ | a collectoin of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
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| organ system | a group of organs that work together to perfrom body functions
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| organism | a living thing; anything that can carry out life processes independently
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| structure | the arrangement of parts in an organism
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| function | the special, normal, or proper activity of an organ or plant
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| diffusion | the movement of particles from regoins of higher density to regions of lower density
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| osmosis | the diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane
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| passive transport | the movement of subsstances across a cell membrane without the use of energy by the cell
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| active transport | the movement of substances across the cell membrane that requires the cell to use energy
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| endocytosis | the process by which a cell membrane surrounds particle and encloses the particle in a vesicle to bring the particle into the cell
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| excytosis | the proccss in which a cell releases a particle by enclosing the particle in a vesicle that them moves to the cell surfce and fuses with the cell membrane
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| phtotsynthesis | the process by which plants, algae, and some bacteria use sunlight, carbon dioxide, and water to make food
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| cellular respiraion | the process by which cells use oxygen to produce energy from food
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| fermentation | the breakdown of food wihout the use of oxygen
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| cell cycle | the life cycle of a cell
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| chromosome | in a eukaryotic cell, one of the structures in the nucleus that are made up of DNA and protein; in a prokaryotic cell, the main ring of DNA
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| homologous chromosone | chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure
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| mitosis | in eukaryotic cells, a process of cell division that forms two new nuclei, each of which has the same number of chromosomes
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| cytokinesis | the division of the cytoploasm of a cell
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| heredity | the passing of genetic traits from parent to offspring
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| dominant trait | the trait observed in the first generation when parents that have different traits are bred
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| recessive trait | a trait that reappears in the second generation after disappearing in the first generation when parents with different traits are bred
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| gene | one set of instructions for an inheried trait
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| allele | one of the alternative forms of a gene that governs acharacteristc, such as hair color
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| phenotype | an orgnaism's apperance or other detectable characteristic
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| genotype | the enitre genetic makup of an organism; combination of genes for one or more specific trait
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| probability | the likelihood that a possible future event will occur in any given instance of the event
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| homologous chromosomes | chromosomes that have the same sequence of genes and the same structure
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| meiosis | process in cell division during which the number of chromosomes decreases to half the original number by two divisions of the nucleus, which results in the production of sex cells
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| sex chromosomes | one of the pair of chromosomes that determine the sex of an individual
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| pedigree | a diagram that shows the occurrence of a genetic trait in several generations of a family
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| classification | the division of organisms into groups, or classes, based on specific characteristics
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| taxonomy | the science of describing, naming, and classifying organisms
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| dichotomous key | an aid that is used to identify organisms and that consists of the answers to a series of questions
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| Archaebacteria | a kingdom made up of bacteria that live in extreme environments
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| Eubacteria | a kingdom that sontains all prokaryotes execpt archaebacteria
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| Protista | a kingdom of mostly onecelled eukaryotic organisms that are different from plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi
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| Fungi | a kingdom made up of nongreen, eukaryotic organisms that have no means of movement reproduce by using spores, and get food by breaking down substances in their surroundings and absorbing the nutrients
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| Plantae | a kingdom made up of complex, multicellular organisms that are usually green, have cell walls made of cellulose, cannot move around, and use the sun's energy to make sugar by photosynthesis
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| Animalia | a kingdom made up of complex, multicellular organisms that lack cell walls, can usually move around, and quickly respond to their environment
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