Chapter43,44,45 Urinary tract function
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| aldosterone: | hormone synthesized and released by the adrenal cortex; causes the kidneys to reabsorb sodium
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| antidiuretic hormone: | hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary gland; causes the kidneys to reabsorb more water; also called vasopressin
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| anuria: | total urine output less than 50 mL in 24 hours
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| bacteriuria: | bacteria in the urine; bacterial count higher than 100,000 colonies/mL
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| creatinine: | endogenous waste product of muscle energy metabolism
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| diuresis: | increased formation and secretion of urine
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| dysuria: | painful or difficult urination
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| frequency: | voiding more frequently than every 3 hours
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| glomerular filtration: | plasma filtered at the glomerulus into the kidney tubules
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| glomerulus: | tuft of capillaries forming part of the nephron through which filtration occurs
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| hematuria: | red blood cells in the urine
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| micturition: | urination or voiding
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| nephron: | structural and functional unit of the kidney responsible for urine formation
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| nocturia: | awakening at night to urinate
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| oliguria: | total urine output less than 500 mL in 24 hours
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| proteinuria: | protein in the urine
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| pyuria: | white blood cells in the urine
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| renal clearance: | volume of plasma that the kidneys can clear of a specific solute (eg, creatinine); expressed in milliliters per minute
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| renal glycosuria: | recurring or persistent excretion of glucose in the urine
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| specific gravity: | reflects the weight of particles dissolved in the urine; expression of the degree of concentration of the urine
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| tubular reabsorption: | movement of a substance from the kidney tubule into the blood in the peritubular capillariesor vasa recta
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| tubular secretion: | movement of a substance from the blood in the peritubular capillaries or vasa recta into the kidney tubule
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| urea nitrogen: | nitrogenous end product of protein metabolism
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| acute nephritic syndrome: | type of renal failure with glomerular inflammation
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| acute renal failure: | sudden rapid deterioration of kidney function that is sometimes reversible
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| acute tubular necrosis: | type of acute renal failure in which there is actual damage to the kidney tubules
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| anuria: | total urine output less than 50 mL in 24 hours
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| arteriovenous fistula: | type of vascular access for dialysis ;created by surgically connecting an artery to a vein
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| arteriovenous graft: | type of surgically created vascular access for dialysis by which a piece of biologic,semibiologic, or synthetic graft material connects the patient’s artery to a vein
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| azotemia: | abnormal concentration of nitrogenous wastes in the blood
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| chronic kidney disease: | chronic progressive an dirreversible diseases of the kidneys
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| continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis: | method of peritoneal dialysis whereby a patient manually performs four or five complete exchanges or cycles throughout the day
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| continuous cyclic peritoneal dialysis: | method of peritoneal dialysisin which a peritoneal dialysis machine (cycler) automatically performs exchanges, usually while the patient sleeps
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| continuous renal replacement therapy: | variety of method sused to replace normal kidney function by circulating the patient’s blood through a filter and returning it to the patient
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| dialysate: | solution that circulates through the dialyzer in hemodialysis and through the peritoneal membrane in peritoneal dialysis
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| dialyzer: | “artificial kidney” or dialysis machine; contains a semipermeable membrane through which particles of a certain size can pass
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| diffusion: | movement of solutes (waste products) from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
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| effluent: | term used to describe the drained fluid from a peritoneal dialysis exchange
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| end-stage renal disease: | final stage of renal failure that results in retention of uremic waste products and the need for renal replacement therapies
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| exchange (peritoneal dialysis): | complete cycle of peritoneal dialysis includes fill, dwell, and drain phase
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| glomerulonephritis: | inflammation of the glomerular capillaries
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| hemodialysis: | procedure during which a patient’s blood is circulated through a dialyzer to remove waste products and excess fluid
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| interstitial nephritis: | inflammation within the renal tissue
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| nephrosclerosis: | hardening of the renal arteries
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| nephrotic syndrome: | type of renal failure with increased glomerular permeability and massive proteinuria
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| nephrotoxic: | any substance, medication, or action that destroys kidney tissue
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| osmosis: | movement of water through a semipermeable membrane from an area of lower solute concentration to an area of higher solute concentration
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| peritoneal dialysis: | procedure that uses the lining of the patient’s peritoneal cavity as the semipermeable membrane for exchange of fluid and solutes
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| peritonitis: | inflammation of the peritoneal membrane (lining of the peritoneal cavity)
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| pyelonephritis: | inflammation of the renal pelvis
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| ultrafiltration: | process whereby water is removed from the blood by means of a pressure gradient between the patient’s blood and the dialysate
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| uremia: | an excess of urea and other nitrogenous wastes in the blood
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| urinary casts: | proteins secreted by damaged kidney tubules
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| bacteriuria: | more than 105 colonies of bacteria per milliliter of urine
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| cystectomy: | removal of the urinary bladder
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| cystitis: | inflammation of the urinary bladder
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| frequency: | voiding more often than every 3 hours
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| ileal conduit: | transplantation of the ureters to an isolated section of the terminal ileum, with one end of the ureters brought to the abdominal wall
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| interstitial cystitis: | inflammation of the bladder wall that eventually causes disintegration of the lining and loss of bladder elasticity
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| micturition: | voiding or urination
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| neurogenic bladder: | bladder dysfunction that results from a disorder or dysfunction of the nervous system; may resultin either urinary retention or bladder over activity, resultingin urinary urgency and urge incontinence
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| nocturia: | awakening at night to urinate
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| overflow incontinence: | involuntary urine loss associated with over distention of the bladder due to mechanical or anatomic bladder outlet obstruction
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| prostatitis: | inflammation of the prostate gland
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| pyelonephritis: | inflammation of the renal pelvis
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| pyuria: | white blood cells in the urine
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| residual urine: | urine that remains in the bladder after voiding
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| suprapubic catheter: | a urinary catheter that is inserted through a supra pubic incision into the bladder
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| ureterosigmoidostomy: | transplantation of the ureters into the sigmoid colon, allowing urine to flow through the colon and out the rectum
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| ureterovesical or vesicoureteral reflux: | backward flow of urine from the bladder into one or both ureters
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| urethritis: | inflammation of the urethra
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| urethrovesical reflux: | backward flow of urine from the urethra into the bladder
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| urinary incontinence: | involuntary or uncontrolled loss of urine from the bladder sufficient to cause a social orhygienic problem
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| urosepsis: | sepsis resulting from infected urine, most often a UTI
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