Criminal Law
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| malum in se | the act is wrong even if its not a crime or law
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| malum prohibita | the act is wrong by law
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| actus reus | The guilty act committed by the D
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| mens rea | The guilty state of mind of D
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| Strict Liability | Crimes without a mens rea
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| General Intent | D committed the act to serve as the actus reus
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| Specific Intent | D committed the act to serve as the actus reus and another intended reason
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| Concurrence | When the actus reus and mens rea exist at the same time
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| Concurrence CANNOT occur when the mens rea is... | -Formed after the actus reus
-Formed but abandoned before the actus reus
-Formed but not related to the actus reus
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| Causation | The connection between the act and result
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| Homicide | The killing of another human with malice
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| First Degree Murder | An intentional murder that is premeditated with an ITK
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| Second Degree Murder | An intentional murder that is unpremeditated but has an ITK or cause SBH
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| Second Degree Murder: Depraved Heart | An unintentional killing where the risk is so high that the argument by D is irrelevant
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| Voluntary Manslaughter | An intentional killing committed in the Heat of Passion that has the ITK or cause SBH
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| Heat of Passion Requirements | -Objective provocation
-No "cooling off" period
-Is an imperfect defense and intent can be transferred
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| No Crime: Defense Killing | The person is not convicted for killing someone because they acted out of insanity or self-defense/defense of others
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| First Degree Felony Murder | An unintentional OR intentional killing that occurs while committing another crime
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| Felony Murder can only be applied during what crimes? | Burglary
Arson
Robbery
Kidnapping
Attempt (at committing one of these crimes)
Rape
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| Involuntary/Misdemeanor Manslaughter | An unintentional killing that was caused by recklessness and an unlawful act
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| Involuntary Manslaughter: Unlawful Act | A death that is caused by an act that is NOT inherently dangerous
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| No Crime but Tort | An unintentional murder that occurs from negligence and taking an unreasonable risk
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| No Crime or Tort | An unintentional murder that occurred from a reasonable risk i.e. driving slow in the rain but hitting another car
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| Battery | An intentional act that is unpermitted and causes a harmful/offensive contact with another person
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| Common Law Types of Battery | Basic Battery and Reckless Battery
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| Reckless Battery | When the battery is a reckless act and there is no intent
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| Assault | Like attempted battery that creates a reasonable fear to the party but never reached battery
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| MPC: Aggravated Assault | Extreme indifference to the value of life
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| C/L: "Intent to Frighten" Assault | Has the major specific intent to cause apprehension of immanent bodily harm
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| Attempt | When the D engages in sufficient acts with the intent to commit the target crime, but the crime was not completed. If it was than it merges into the target crime.
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| MPC: Attempt | -Meant to identify manifestly dangerous people and focuses on the substantial step test
-Abandonment is a defense and the punishment is slightly less severe than the target crime except in murder cases
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| Abandonment | When the actus reus and mens rea are present and there is a complete renunciation of purpose and the D must stop the crime from occurring
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| C/L: Attempt | -Meant to prevent immanent social harm and focuses on the dangerously proximate test
-Uses legal impossibility as a defense and the punishment is slightly less severe than the target crime
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| Types of Impossibility | Legal and Factual
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| Legal Impossibility | A defense under the C/L when there is a real intent to commit the crime but there is a serious mistake and the crime is permanently impossible to commit
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| Factual Impossibility | Not a defense but it is when a party tries to commit a crime but there is a minor mistake that makes it temporarily impossible
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| C/L Sufficient Act Tests | Last Act Test
Dangerously Proximate
Indispensable Element
Probable Desistance
Equivocality
Substantial Step (ONLY IN MPC)
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| Last Act Test | D did everything they believe is necessary to commit the target crime
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| Dangerous Proximity Test | Looks at what D has done and how close he is to completing the target crime
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| Indispensable Element Test | Helps decide dangerous proximity and looks at what remains to be done by D in order to commit the target crime
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| Probable Desistance Test | Looks at whether D reached a point where it was unlikely he would abandon his efforts toward the target crime
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| Equivocality Test | Looks at whether D's actions have the specific intent to achieve the target crime
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| Substantial Step Test | ONLY IN MPC: where D's acts are a step toward the commission of the target crime
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| C/L: Burglary | Breaking and entering into a dwelling house of another at night with the intent to commit a felony therein
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| MPC: Burglary | The unlawful entry into a dwelling of another with the intent to commit a felony therein
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| Conspiracy | A combination of two or more people who form a purpose of committing an unlawful act or a lawful act by unlawful means. Impossibility is NEVER a defense!
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| Steps to Conspiracy | Solicitation of another
Conspiracy to commit crime
Attempt to commit crime
Target Crime
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| MPC: Conspiracy | An agreement and overt act is required and there is a specific intent between at least one party to commit the crime. Allows withdrawal or abandonment but the punishment is equal to committing the actual crime.
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| C/L: Conspiracy | An agreement between at least two guilty minds who have the specific intent to commit the target crime but are able to withdrawal and only be guilty of everything prior to it but if the crime is met then the punishment is less than the target crime
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| Plurality Rules in Conspiracy | Gebardi Rule
Wharton Rule
Fox Rule
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| Doctrine of Evil/Powell Rule | When someone commits a crime but is unaware i.e. the guy asking a friend to get "his car"
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| Withdrawal | Defense in both MPC and C/L of conspiracy but when it occurs they are guilty of everything that happened prior to this
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| Abandonment | A defense under MPC for conspiracy where a person has a change of heart and decides not to commit act but they must stop it from occurring
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| Gebardi Rule | Applicable under C/L and MPC its when a person is considered a victim, they cannot be a participant of conspiracy even if there was consent
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| Fox Rule | In C/L only, if all the conspirators except one are acquitted, you cannot convict the one because there needs to be two guilty minds
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| Wharton Rule | A person can be convicted of conspiracy and the crime they were trying to commit because certain crimes require two guilty minds
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| Accessory before the Fact | Agreement with others in support but not at the crime
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| Accessory after the Fact | Guilty of obstruction but no knowledge of the crime
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| Larceny/Theft | Based on possession NOT ownership and in C/L it is larceny and MPC is theft
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| C/L: Larceny | The taking and carrying away of personal property of another with intent to steal
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| C/L Larceny Crimes | Larceny, Larceny by trick, Embezzlement, Obtained by false pretenses
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| Larceny by Trick | A C/L crime where consent is missing because a party was tricked into it
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| Embezzlement-breach of trust | A C/L crime of taking something that wasn't yours but was in your possession i.e. rental car
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| MPC: Theft | Intentionally exerting unauthorized control over property of another with intent to deprive
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| C/L: Robbery | Larceny (now theft) from the victim's person or presence by force or intimidation
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| MPC: Robbery | Committing a theft and inflicting serious bodily harm to another or threatening another with or purposefully putting in fear of immediate serious injury when armed by force
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| Affirmative Defenses | Prosecution has to prove beyond reasonable doubt that the D is guilty of each element of a crime
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| Self-Defense Approach Tests | MPC: Subjective Test
C/L: Objective Test
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| C/L: Self Defense | The D must act with a reasonable belief of imminent attack on her person; attacking force is unlawful may defend with reasonably necessary force
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| "Imperfect Defense" Theory | defenses that work towards one type of crime but won't work for lesser crime
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| Retreat/Castle Rule | A minority position of self-defense where one may not use deadly force as defense if there is a safe avenue to go to without increasing danger to self
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| Battered Spouse Syndrome | A self defense claim under the C/L ONLY
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| British C/L: Defense of Others Derivative Theory | Deriving someone's defense rights and acting to protect them on their behalf if you see them being attacked
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| American Traditional: Defense of Others Primary Theory | You do not need to derive the rights to defend the other person because it is an assumed obligation to protect the party and rights of defense of a person don't need to be given
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| Defense of Property/Dwelling | -Reasonable force to protect mere property
-CANNOT use deadly devices when not in dwelling
-Protecting of family and self
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| Defense of Necessity/Choice of Evils | An objective test where the situations are beyond the D where he must choose between 2 evils in which he believes to be necessary to avoid a harm or evil to himself or one of the other 2 situations
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| MPC Defense of Duress | An immediate threat of death or serious bodily injury that creates a well-founded fear that the threat will be carried out and there's no reasonable opportunity to escape the threat but D may have to tell authorities later
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| C/L: Arson | The malicious burning of a dwelling house of another
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| MPC: Arson | The highly malicious burning (beyond char) of a dwelling of another
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| Mental Disease/Defect | When a person lacks the mental capacity to know criminality from wrongfulness
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| Insanity Defense Tests(RARE) | -M'Naughten (Right-Wrong) Test
-Parsons (Irresistible Impulse)Test
-Durham (Product) Test
-Substantial Capacity Test
-Insanity Defense Reform Act (current)
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| M'Naughten (Right-Wrong) Test | A test for insanity where the accused party had a mental defect and was not able to know right from wrong
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| Parsons (Irresistible Impulse) Test | An insanity test that combines with M'Naughten where the accused is not responsible for the action because he was unable to choose right from wrong because of duress or mental disease and is unable to prevent it
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| Durham (Product) Test | An insanity test where the accused is not criminally responsible because his act was caused by his mental disease or defect
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| ALI-MPC-Substantial Capacity Test | An insanity test that combines M'Naughten and Parsons
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| The Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984 | An insanity test that D committed the offense as a result of mental disease/defect and was unable to know the nature and quality of wrongfulness
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| Omissions | When D has a pre-existing legal duty to act but doesn't
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| C/L: Omission | A person CANNOT be charged with a crime of omission if they had a legal or moral duty
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| Omission actus reus must have: | -D having a pre-existing legal duty to act
-Capacity to act
-Failure to act
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| C/L: Juvenile System | There is no separate system for juveniles and a person becomes an adult at 14 yrs.
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| MPC: Juvenile System | Ages vary by the state but at 18 you become an adult but 14-18 yrs. is able to be tried in juvenile or adult court
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| Voluntary Intoxication | Not an affirmative defense because D made a choice to ingest something and purposefully did it
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| Involuntary Intoxication | Can be used as a defense because D was unaware of being intoxicated
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| Types of Involuntary Intoxication | Coerced, Pathological, Innocent Mistake, Medically Prescribed
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| Coerced Involuntary Intoxication | Person drinks because they are forced by reason of duress or coercion
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| Pathological Involuntary Intoxication | The intoxication is unexpected because it was a result of a powerful medication or alcohol that was unknown to induce intoxication
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| Innocent Mistake Involuntary Intoxication | When someone is tricked into the intoxication such as consuming a drink from a spiked punch bowl
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| C/L: Rape | The carnal knowledge of a female forcibly and against her will
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| MPC: Rape | The sexual intercourse by force or threat of force against the will of the victim
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| Statutory Rape | A form of rape under the MPC where consent of females under a certain age is irrelevant because they are not of age to consent
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