Musculoskeletal System
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| 3 Functions | Support, Protection, Movement
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| Composed of 6 things | Bones, Cartilage, Ligaments (bone to bone), Tendons (muscle to bone), Muscles, Joints
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| 4 Bone Shapes | Long (Arms, legs, fingers, toes), Short (Wrist, ankle), Flat (Skull, sternum, ribs), Irregular (vertebrae, scapula, pelvic girdle)
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| 5 Parts of bone structure | Osteoblast (Form bone), Osteocytes (Maintain bone matrix), Osteoclast (Resorb bone), Osteoprogenitor (Source of all bone cells except Osteoclasts), Periosteum (Double-layered connective tissue, blood vessels, and nerves that cover bones)
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| Remodeling and repair occur throughout life by | Ossification (Development of bone) and Hormone regulation
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| 2 Bone Hormone Regulators | Parathyroid hormone (Simulates ostyoclast activity; Helps with calcium activity cause body will steal calcium from bone if heart or muscle lacks) and Calcitonin (Regulates blood calcium levels, may even steal calcium from blood stream back to bones)
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| Cartilage: What is it, and the 3 kinds? | Firm, flexible connective tissue;
3 types: Elastic, Hyaline, and Fibro-cartilage
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| Function of Skeletal Muscles | Attach to and cover the bones of the skeleton; Promote body movement; Maintain posture; Produce body heat from movement and shivering. 3 types: Skeletal, Smooth, Cardiac
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| 4 Functional Properties of Muscle | Excitability (receive and respond to stimuli); Contractibility (Contract/relax, Forcibly shorten); Extensibility (Extent/relax); Elasticity (Ability to resume resting length)
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| 3 Types of Joints | Synarthrodial (Immovable, ex. Skull and Epiphyseal plates); Amphiarthrodial (slightly movable, ex. pelvis and vertebral); Diarthrodial (synovial, freely movable, ex. traditional joints)
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| Ligaments connect ? to Joint (bone) | Joint
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| Tendons connect ? to Joint (bone) | Muscle
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| 5 P's | Pain, Pallor, Pulse, Paralysis,
Parasthesia
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| Assessment of Face and Neck | Puff cheeks, Stick out tongue
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| Assessment of Spine | Touch toes
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| Assessment of Hands | Grip, Phallen’s test
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| Assessment of Hips | Lie, flex knees to chest (One at a time), Comparable lengths of legs
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| Assessment of Ankles and Feet | Flex, point; Eversion, inversion
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| Neurovascular Assessment | If no pulse noted, use Doppler; 5-Ps
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| Psychosocial Assessment | Prolonged absence at work, Job change, Permanent disability, Chronic pain, Body image
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| Calcium Levels | (9-11 mg/dL) (osteoporosis)
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| Phosphorus Levels | (2.5-4.5 mg/dL)
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| RA factor with Lab Tests | arthritis, Scleroderma, lupus
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| Uric Acid Levels | (Gout) (3.5-8 male) (2.8-6.8 Female) (>10 = panic level)
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| Creatine kinase | Measures muscle trauma
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| Bone Density Tests | Mineral density, No metal objects, like MRI
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| Bone Scan | Give you radioisotope, measures uptake; Increase fluids after
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| Other Diagnostics | CT, MRI, X-ray, EMG (Looks at nerve impulses), Arthroscopy (Fiberoptic tube, Pain after, Analgesics), Arthrocentesis (Needle, aspirate synovial fluid)
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