Psychology Ch.13
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| theory that we seek to evaluate our abilities and beliefs by comparing them with those of others | social comparison theory
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| outbreak of irrational behavior that is spread by social contagion | mass hysteria
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| enhancement of performance brought about by the presence of others | social facilitation
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| process of assigning causes to behavior | attribution
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| tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on other people's behavior | fundamental attribution error
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| tendency of people to alter their behavior as a result of group pressure | conformity
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| tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behavior when they are stripped of their usual identities | deindividuation
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| emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking | groupthink
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| tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by individual members | group polarization
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| group of individuals who exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause | cult
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| approach to convincing people to change their minds about something by first introducing reasons why the perspective might be correct and then debunking them | inoculation effect
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| adherence to instructions from those of higher authority | obedience
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| error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do | pluralistic ignorance
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| reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others | diffusion of responsibility
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| phenomenon whereby individuals become less productive in groups | social loafing
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| helping others for unselfish reasons | altruism
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| learning about psychological research can change real-world behavior for the better | enlightenment effect
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| behavior intended to harm others, either verbally or physically | aggression
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| form of indirect aggression, prevalent in girls, involving spreading rumors, gossiping, and nonverbal putdowns for the purpose of social manipulation | relational aggression
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| belief that includes an emotional component | attitude
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| personality trait that assesses the extent to which people's behavior reflects their true feelings and attitudes | self-monitoring
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| unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts of beliefs | cognitive dissonance
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| theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behavior | self-perception theory
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| theory that we don't really change our attitudes, but report that we have so that our behavior appear consistent with our attidues | impression management theory
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| persuasive technique involving making a small request before making a bigger one | foot-in-the-door technique
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| persuasive technique involving making an unreasonably large request before making the small request we're hoping to have granted | door-in-the-face technique
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| persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts by quoting a low sales price, and then mentions all of the "add-on" costs once the customer has agreed to purchase the product | low-ball technique
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| drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence | prejudice
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| a belief, positive or negative, about the characteristics of members of a group that is applied generally to most members of the group | stereotype
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| assumption that behaviors among individual members of a group are due to their internal dispositions | ultimate attribution error
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| evolutionary principle that creates a predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different | adaptive conservatism
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| tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group | in-group bias
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| tendency to view all individuals outside our group as highly similar | out-group homogeneity
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| negative behavior toward members of out-groups | discrimination
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| claim that prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes | scapegoat hypothesis
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| claim that our attributions and behaviors are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the world is fair and all things happen for a reason | just-world hypothesis
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| unfounded negative belief of which we're aware regarding the characteristics of an out-group | explicit prejudice
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| unfounded negative belief of which we're unaware regarding the characteristic of an out-group | implicit prejudice
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| educational classroom approach designed to minimize prejudice by requiring all children to make independent contributions to a shared project | jigsaw classroom
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| theory that humans have a biologically based need for interpersonal connections | need-to-belong theory
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| false stories repeated so many times that people believe them to be true | urban legends
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| a worsening of performance in the presence of others; occurs on tasks we find difficult | social disruption
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| enduring characteristics such as personality traits, attitudes, or intelligence | dispositional influences
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| conclusion regarding factual evidence | belief
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| we're more likely to believe something we've heard many times | recognition heuristic
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| depth of our religious convinctions | religiosity
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| the finding that we're more positively disposed toward people, places, or things that resemble us | implicit egotism
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| we're more likely than chance to select people for friends/romantic interests whose names contain the first letters of our first or last names | name letter effect
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| people who view religion as a means to an end (such as obtaining friends or gaining support) | extrinsic religiousity
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| people for whom religion is deeply ingrained into their belief system | intrinsic religiousity
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