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Psychology Ch.13
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| theory that we seek to evaluate our abilities and beliefs by comparing them with those of others | social comparison theory |
| outbreak of irrational behavior that is spread by social contagion | mass hysteria |
| enhancement of performance brought about by the presence of others | social facilitation |
| process of assigning causes to behavior | attribution |
| tendency to overestimate the impact of dispositional influences on other people's behavior | fundamental attribution error |
| tendency of people to alter their behavior as a result of group pressure | conformity |
| tendency of people to engage in uncharacteristic behavior when they are stripped of their usual identities | deindividuation |
| emphasis on group unanimity at the expense of critical thinking | groupthink |
| tendency of group discussion to strengthen the dominant positions held by individual members | group polarization |
| group of individuals who exhibit intense and unquestioning devotion to a single cause | cult |
| approach to convincing people to change their minds about something by first introducing reasons why the perspective might be correct and then debunking them | inoculation effect |
| adherence to instructions from those of higher authority | obedience |
| error of assuming that no one in a group perceives things as we do | pluralistic ignorance |
| reduction in feelings of personal responsibility in the presence of others | diffusion of responsibility |
| phenomenon whereby individuals become less productive in groups | social loafing |
| helping others for unselfish reasons | altruism |
| learning about psychological research can change real-world behavior for the better | enlightenment effect |
| behavior intended to harm others, either verbally or physically | aggression |
| form of indirect aggression, prevalent in girls, involving spreading rumors, gossiping, and nonverbal putdowns for the purpose of social manipulation | relational aggression |
| belief that includes an emotional component | attitude |
| personality trait that assesses the extent to which people's behavior reflects their true feelings and attitudes | self-monitoring |
| unpleasant mental experience of tension resulting from two conflicting thoughts of beliefs | cognitive dissonance |
| theory that we acquire our attitudes by observing our behavior | self-perception theory |
| theory that we don't really change our attitudes, but report that we have so that our behavior appear consistent with our attidues | impression management theory |
| persuasive technique involving making a small request before making a bigger one | foot-in-the-door technique |
| persuasive technique involving making an unreasonably large request before making the small request we're hoping to have granted | door-in-the-face technique |
| persuasive technique in which the seller of a product starts by quoting a low sales price, and then mentions all of the "add-on" costs once the customer has agreed to purchase the product | low-ball technique |
| drawing negative conclusions about a person, group of people, or situation prior to evaluating the evidence | prejudice |
| a belief, positive or negative, about the characteristics of members of a group that is applied generally to most members of the group | stereotype |
| assumption that behaviors among individual members of a group are due to their internal dispositions | ultimate attribution error |
| evolutionary principle that creates a predisposition toward distrusting anything or anyone unfamiliar or different | adaptive conservatism |
| tendency to favor individuals within our group over those from outside our group | in-group bias |
| tendency to view all individuals outside our group as highly similar | out-group homogeneity |
| negative behavior toward members of out-groups | discrimination |
| claim that prejudice arises from a need to blame other groups for our misfortunes | scapegoat hypothesis |
| claim that our attributions and behaviors are shaped by a deep-seated assumption that the world is fair and all things happen for a reason | just-world hypothesis |
| unfounded negative belief of which we're aware regarding the characteristics of an out-group | explicit prejudice |
| unfounded negative belief of which we're unaware regarding the characteristic of an out-group | implicit prejudice |
| educational classroom approach designed to minimize prejudice by requiring all children to make independent contributions to a shared project | jigsaw classroom |
| theory that humans have a biologically based need for interpersonal connections | need-to-belong theory |
| false stories repeated so many times that people believe them to be true | urban legends |
| a worsening of performance in the presence of others; occurs on tasks we find difficult | social disruption |
| enduring characteristics such as personality traits, attitudes, or intelligence | dispositional influences |
| conclusion regarding factual evidence | belief |
| we're more likely to believe something we've heard many times | recognition heuristic |
| depth of our religious convinctions | religiosity |
| the finding that we're more positively disposed toward people, places, or things that resemble us | implicit egotism |
| we're more likely than chance to select people for friends/romantic interests whose names contain the first letters of our first or last names | name letter effect |
| people who view religion as a means to an end (such as obtaining friends or gaining support) | extrinsic religiousity |
| people for whom religion is deeply ingrained into their belief system | intrinsic religiousity |
Created by:
rlhaas
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