Cog Quizzes
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| The span of apprehension is | a measure of how much information can enter into consciousness at once.
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| The partial report procedure has been used to measure span of apprehension. What is the conclusion from these studies? | Participants must have apprehended about 75% of the array even though they only reported 3 of 12 items because they did not know what row they were to report prior to seeing the array.
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| Proactive interference is when: | material you had learned previously interferes with new learning.
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| Information can be represented in primary memory: | acoustically, semantically, or visuo-spatially.
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| What may be said about the capacity of primary memory? | Capacity varies depending on how the information is encoded.
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| Which of the following is NOT a component of Baddeley's working memory model? | Short-term memory.
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| Which of the following was a problem in Baddeley's original working memory model that the episodic buffer was designed to address? | The original model did not provide a way for working memory to interact with long-term memory.
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| What can be said about the relation between working memory span and reading comprehension? | Working memory span is an extremely good predictor of reading comprehension.
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| If I wanted to remember the name of a person I had just met, I would be most successful if I: | tried to relate the person's name to other memories that I had.
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| What is one problem with studying real-life emotional events? | Highly emotional events also tend to be great stories and are repeated a lot.
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| When participants learned a list of words and then watched a videotape of proper tooth brushing: | they had poorer memory for the words than participants who watched a tape of oral surgery, suggesting that emotion boosts memory.
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| Research on flashbulb memories is consistent with the idea that flashbulb memories: | operate just like other types of memories.
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| In Hyde and Jenkin's (1973) study on whether the intention to remember something helps your memory, they found that: | participants in the incidental and intentional learning conditions did not differ in their memory for the material.
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| Most people have problems recognizing a picture of a real penny among a set of similar distractors. From this result we can conclude that: | repeated exposure to an object is not sufficient for committing the object to memory.
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| Which of the following is the primary assertion of transfer appropriate processing views? | When the same processes are used at encoding and retrieval, recall will be successful.
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| Which of the following findings supports the notion that chess experts rely on prior knowledge about chess (and are not just overall smarter) when attempting to reconstruct chess piece locations? | Chess experts did not show enhanced memory for chess pieces that were distributed randomly.
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| Your friend tells you that he has just come from a boring lecture. He doesn't have to tell you that the students were sitting in chairs and the professor was standing at the front of the lecture hall because you have a schema for a lecture. Example? | Making inferences
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| When people watch a video of someone performing a routine activity (such as making a bed), they tend to mark out the beginning and ending of "natural units" in a hierarchical fashion, with parts that tended to correspond to functions. This suggests that: | script-like knowledge structures are used not only at retrieval, but also when interpreting ongoing behavior.
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| The form of question you are answering right now is what type of memory test? | Recognition
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| If you were to encode the word "pillow" by hearing the sentence, "She always slept with two pillows," you would be: | more likely to recall "pillow" with the cue "something used when sleeping" than with the cue "something that is soft."
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| Why is there recognition failure of recallable words? | The encoding and retrieval cues are low associates, and therefore, make you think of the to-be-remembered items in unusual ways.
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| When might source confusion occur? | When one mistakes one's own thought for an event that actually occurred.
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| The technique known as guided imagery: | has been called into question because of its susceptibility to source confusion.
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| The tip of the tongue phenomenon is: | one possible example of occlusion as a cause of forgetting.
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| An intrusion is: | giving an answer that is incorrect in the current context, but would be correct in a different context.
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| Which of the following terms refers to the active forgetting of an episode that is very painful or emotionally charged? | Repression
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| Which of the following is a problem with using spontaneous recovery as evidence that all memories are never forgotten? | Just because some memories can be recovered spontaneously does not mean that all memories may be recovered.
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| Experimental tests of whether hypnosis aids in memory retrieval conclude that hypnosis: | does not improve the accuracy of memory.
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| Which of the following is NOT a problem with using Wilder Penfield's (1959) stimulation studies as evidence that all memories are never forgotten? | In attempts to verify the images patients claimed were memories, Penfield discovered that the events were false.
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| Memories that feel like they are real memories, but are actually a combination of real events and other information, are called: | Constructions
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| Which of the following best characterizes the classical view of categorization? | A concept is a list of necessary and sufficient conditions to which objects are compared in order to determine category membership.
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| Which of the following is a problem for the classical view of categorization? | A robin is considered a "birdier" bird than an ostrich.
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| Which of the following experimental results was taken as evidence for prototype models of categorization? | People can categorize the prototype, which they have never seen before, as accurately as they categorize examples they have seen before.
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| Computer simulations of human categorization performance that use ________ models match real human performance better than those that use ________ models. | exemplar; prototype
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| What is the "final word" on how people categorize objects? | In some situations they use rules, and in others they use similarity.
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| When answering the question "Do alligators have a heart?" you will likely use which of the following? | Property inheritance.
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| In spreading activation theories of memory organization, when one node becomes active, it will: | activate semantically related nodes.
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| Priming refers to: | facilitation in the processing of a stimulus from prior exposure to that stimulus.
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| Which of the following describes graceful degradation? | If the system is damaged, performance is not completely knocked out but impaired in proportion to the extent of the damage.
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| Some researchers claim to have found individual neurons in humans that respond to very specific stimuli, such as pictures of Jennifer Aniston. What can be said about these claims? | The results argue against a highly distributed representation system.
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| Procedural memory involves ________ and declarative memory involves ________. | knowing how to do something; knowing that something is true
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| What can be said regarding the results of brain imaging studies of declarative memory? | Words that are eventually remembered are associated with more activity in certain brain areas than words that are ultimately forgotten.
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| Memory that is associated with a "this happened to me" feeling is: | episodic memory.
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