CH5 notes
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| show | Process by which experience or practice results in a relatively permanent change in behavior or potential behavior. Ex: academic learning, turning of a light in a rm, or dancing, etc
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| What is conditioning? | show 🗑
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| What is classical conditioning? | show 🗑
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| show | classical conditioning
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| What are the 4 elements of classical conditioning? | show 🗑
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| element 1:What is the Unconditioned Stimulus(US)? | show 🗑
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| show | response that takes place in an organism whenever an unconditioned stimulus occurs, EX: the salivating when given food(US)
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| show | an originally neutral stimulus that is paired with an unconditioned stimulus & eventually produces the desired response in an organism when presented alone.
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| show | After conditioning: the response an organism produces when only a conditioned stimulus is presented. When CS & US are paired frequently = CR
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| show | A conditioning technique to gradually reduce anxiety about a particular object or situation. Person learns to associate relaxation w/a stimulus that causes unnecessary or irrational fear or anxiety
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| What is orienting reflex? | show 🗑
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| What is Habituation? | show 🗑
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| show | complex preprogrammed behavior ( salmon swim upstream to spawn)
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| What is imprinting? | show 🗑
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| what is stimulus,response, condition, and un? | show 🗑
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| how does Classical Conditioning w/immune system work? | show 🗑
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| What is Conditioned food(or taste)aversion? | show 🗑
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| show | learned association btwn taste of a certain food & nausea & revulsion. Can after 1 bad experience
For a rat the interval between eating food & falling ill can be up to 12 hrs.
Rapid learning of taste illness combos increase the animals survival rate
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| show | humans develop food aversions on a variety of cues including taste, appearance, & smell.
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| show | • Due to nausea caused by chemotherapy drugs patients develop strong taste aversions for food eaten before/after injections of the chemotherapy
• Even though the patient knows the food didn’t cause the nausea.
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| What are human phobias? | show 🗑
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| show | Mary Cover Jones( she used classical conditioning w/candy).
And Desensitization Therapy: learning to relax in the midst of fears Joseph Wolpe.
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| How does Desensitization therapy relieve fears? | show 🗑
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| show | Yes, ALWAYS comes first before the US or the Classical Conditioning won’t work. The CS has to come a few seconds prior to the US.
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| show | an auto immune disorder that destroys the immune system, healthy organs, & tissue.
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| What is a good treatment for lupus? | show 🗑
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| show | most effective when there is just a few seconds between the CS & the US. Delays conditioning when there is a long span between onset of CS & onset of US. Works but not as effective.
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| show | CS & US are presented at the same time= ineffective
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| show | behavior designed to operate on the environment in a way that will gain something desired or to avoid something unpleasant operant or instrumental . They are not automatic reflexes caused by biologically important stimuli.
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| What is Operant or Instrumental Conditioning? | show 🗑
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| What is a reinforcer? | show 🗑
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| show | a stimulus that follows a behavior & decreases the likelihood that that specific behavior will be repeated.
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| What is the Law of Effect? | show 🗑
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| show | (PR): any event whose presence increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur.
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| show | NR): any even whose reduction or termination increases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur.
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| show | result in the leaving of new behaviors or the strengthening of existing behaviors. Ex: child plays piano for praise (PR) or to escape hw= NR. End result = a higher incidence of piano playing
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| show | any event where presence decreases the likelihood that ongoing behavior will recur. It weakens behavior. Should be consistent not more severe.
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| show | Learning a desirable behavior to prevent the occurrence of something unpleasant such as punishment.
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| Operant conditioning is selective: | show 🗑
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| show | whenever something we do is followed closely by a reinforcer we will tend to repeat the action, even if the reinforcement is not produced directly by what we have done
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| What is learned helplessness? | show 🗑
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| show | When operant conditioning is used to control certain biological functions such as bp, skin temp, & hr.
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| What is neurofeedback? | show 🗑
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| What does Bio&Neurofeedback have in common? | show 🗑
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| What is Response acquisition/trial? | show 🗑
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| show | Pairing the CS & the US on only some of the learning trials & presenting them separately on other trials is this. A procedure that reduces both the rate of learning & the final level of learning achieved.
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| What is Operant Conditioning(OC)? | show 🗑
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| What is shaping? | show 🗑
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| What is the Skinner Box? | show 🗑
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| What is Extinction? | show 🗑
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| What is Spontaneous Recovery? | show 🗑
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| show | Spontaneous recovery and extinction
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| show | One way we overcome interference.
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| show | Transfer of a learned
Ex: Little Albert learned to fear white furry rats, & not only that but it generalized to all kinds of white furry objects such as cotton balls, a fur coat, & even a Santa Clause mask. response to different but similar stimuli.
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| show | Learning to respond to only one stimulus & to inhibit the response to all other stimuli.
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| show | Doesn’t occur in classical conditioning, occurs in OC, giving a response that is different from the response originally learned to that stimulus.
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| show | Conditioning based on previous learning
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| show | A reinforcer that’s rewarding in itself, such as food, water, & sex
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| What are secondary reinforcers? | show 🗑
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| What is Contingency? | show 🗑
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| What is blocking? | show 🗑
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| show | in OC, whenever partial reinforcement is given, SOR determines when & how often reinforcers will be delivered.
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| show | when an individual is rewarded on some, but not all trials. Ex: gambling
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| show | A reinforcement schedule in which the correct response is reinforced after a fixed length of time, since last reinforcement.
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| What is Variable-Interval Scheduleing? | show 🗑
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| What is fixed-ratio schedule? | show 🗑
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| show | a reinforcement schedule in which a varying number of correct responses must occur before reinforcement is presented.
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| What is continuous reinforcement? | show 🗑
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| show | learning that depends on mental processes that are not directly observable. Edward Chace Tolman a pioneer of cognitive learning. His experiment was a rat maze, and it was very famous. He supports behaviorism.
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| What is Latent Learning? | show 🗑
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| What is a Cognitive Map? | show 🗑
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| What is insight? | show 🗑
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| Who pioneered insight? | show 🗑
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| What is a learning set/who started this? | show 🗑
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| show | A view of learning that emphasizes the ability to learn by observing a model or receiving instructions, without firsthand experience by the learner.
Albert Bandura
Bobo doll experiment is his study
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| What is observational or vicarious learning? | show 🗑
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