BIO205 - Ch 4 - Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic Cells - RioSalado - AZ
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| All living cells - what 2 catagories? | Prokaryotes & Eukaryotes
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| Structural characteristics of prokaryotes. | DNA in single, circular arranged chromosome w/o membrane - lack membrane - enclosed organelles
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| Structural characteristics of eukaryotes. | Multiple chromosomes in membrane-enclosed nucleus.
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| Bacteria & Archaea are? | Prokaryotes
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| Protozoa & fungi are? | Eukaryotes
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| What main difference is there between prokaryote & eukaryote? | Structure of cell walls & membranes, & absence of organelles.
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| 5 distinguishing characteristics of prokaryotes. | (1) No DNA membrane, (2) DNA w/no histones, (3) lack membrane-enclosed organelles, (4) cell wall w/polysaccharide peptidoglycan, & (5) binary fission.
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| Binary fission | DNA copied & cell splits into 2 - prokaryotes - fewer processes than eukaryote cell division.
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| 5 distinguishing characteristics of eukaryotes. | (1) DNA in nucleus w/membrane & multiple chromosomes, (2) DNA associated w/histone, (3) membrane-enclosed organelles, (4) cell walls chemically simple, (5) mitosis.
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| 3 basic shapes of bacteria | Coccus (berries), bacillus (rod-shaped), & spiral
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| Diplococci | Cocci that remain in pairs after dividing.
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| Streptococci | Cocci that divide & are attached in chainlike pattern.
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| Tetrads | Cocci that divide in 2 planes & remain in groups of 4.
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| Sarcinae | Cocci in 3 planes & remain in cubelike groups of 8.
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| Staphylococci | Cocci in multiple plains & form grapelike clusters.
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| Why are there fewer groupings of bacilli than cocci? | Because bacilli only divide across short axis
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| Diplobacilli | Appear in pairs after division
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| Streptobacilli | Appear in chains after division
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| Coccobacilli | Oval bacilli that look like cocci.
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| Bacillus cells often form __. | long, twisted chains of cells.
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| What is the difference between bacillus & Bacillus? | One is bacterial shape & one is genus.
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| Vibrios | Spiral bacteria that look like curved rod.
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| Spirilla | Spiral bacteria that have helical shape
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| Spirochetes | Spiral bacteria that have helical shape & are flexible - move by axial filaments.
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| Monomorphic | Maintain a single shape
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| What prokaryotes are monomorphic? | Bacteria
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| Structures external in prokayotic cell wall. | Glycocalyx, flagella, axial filaments, finbriae & pili.
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| Glycocalyx | "Sugar coat" - secreted on surface of prokaryotes - viscous - if firm, then called capsule.
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| Capsule | Firmly attached sugar coat around prokaryote that can be determined by using negative staining.
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| Slime layer | Loosely attached glycocalyx (sugar coat) around prokaryote.
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| Capsules are important in contributing to bacterial __. | virulence - degree of disease causing ability.
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| Capsules often protect pathogenic bacteria __. | From phagocytosis by cells of host.
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| Extracellular polysaccharide (EPS) | Glycocalyx made of sugars - enables bacteria to survive by attaching to various surfaces.
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| Atrichous | Bacteria that lack flagella
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| Monotrichous | Single polar flagellum
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| 3 basic parts of flagellum | Filament, hook, basal body
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| Protein that makes up flagellum filament. | flagellin
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| Difference between prokaryote & eukaryote flagella. | Most bacteria lack membrane/sheath covering it.
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| What anchors flagellum to cell wall & plasma membrane? | Movement away from/toward a particular stimulus.
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| How do spirochetes & spirilla differ? | Spirochetes move using axial filaments/endoflagella.
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| Endoflagella | Axial filaments - bundles of fibrils that arise at ends of cell beneath outer sheath & spiral around cell.
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| Axial filaments propel spirochetes __. | in a spiral motion like a cork screw.
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| fimbriae | Appendage on bacterial cell used to adhere to surfaces - helps colonization.
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| pili | Longer than fimbrae & join bacterial cells for transfer of DNA.
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| conjugation | Process by which bacteria use pili to transfer DNA from one cell to another.
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| What is the function of fimbriae? | to adhere to surfaces
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| Almost all prokaryotes have __. | cell walls
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| Major function of cell wall. | Prevent rupture when water pressure in cell is greater than outside.
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| What is used to differentiate major types of bacteria? | The chemical composition of the cell wall.
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| Gram-positive cell walls contain? | Many layers of peptidoglycan.
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| Gram-negative cell walls do not contain __. | teichoic acids
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| Which is more susceptible to mechanical breakage? Gram - or +? | Gram negative because they only contain a small amount of peptidoglycan.
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| The outer membrane of gram-negative provides barrier against? | Certain antibiotics & digestive enzymes.
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| Smallest known bacteria outside living host. | Mycoplasmas - pass through most filters.
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| Archaea may lack cell walls but definately lack __. | Peptidoglycan - have pseudomurein instead.
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| Acid-fast bacteria cell walls contain what lipid? | Mycolic acid - resists dyes because it is waxy.
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| Why are prokaryote plasma membranes less rigid than eukaryotes? | Because they lack sterols.
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| Chromatophores | Infolding of plasma membrane where pigment located in photoautotrophic bacteria.
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| How does simple diffusion differ from facilitated? | Both don't need ATP, but facilitated uses transporter.
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| What is osmosis? | Net movement of solvent molecules across selectively permeable membrane from high to low concentration of solvents.
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| In isotonic solution, movement is? | No net movement of water
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| In hypotonic solution, movment is? | Water moves into cell & may cause cell to burst.
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| In hypertonic solution, movment is? | Water moves out of cell, causing shrinkage.
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| Osmotic lysis | Water moving into a cell & it bursts.
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| Plasmolysis | Water moving out of cell & it shrinks.
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| Osmotic pressure | Pressure required to prevent movement of pure water into solution containing some solvents.
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| Most bacteria live in __ solutions. | hypotonic
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| Group translocation | Only in prokaryotes - substance is chemically altered as it passes through plasma membrane & can no longer leave - high energy PEP.
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| Difference between prokaryote & eukaryote ribosomes regarding antibotic therapy. | The differences allow the cell to be killed by the antibiotic, yet leave eukaryote host unaffected.
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| Inclusions | Reserve deposits in prokaryote cytoplasm of nutrients - good ID tag.
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| Volutin | Reserve of inorganic phosphate for ATP.
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| Nucleoid | Nuclear area of bacterial cell containing bacterial chromosome.
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| Plasmids | Circular DNA molecules that replicate independent of chromosomal DNA - genetically not crucial to bacterial survival except during adverse conditions.
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| Endospores | Highly durable dehydrated cells - almost seed-like
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| Under what conditions are endospores formed by bacteria? | When essential nutrients are depletes in certain gram-positive bacteria.
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| Sporogenesis/sporulation | Process of endospore formation
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| Germination | When endospore returns to health later - water enters.
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| What kingdoms contain eukaryote organisms. | Alge, protozoa, fungi, plants, & animals.
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| What is antibiotic significance of eukaryote cells not containing peptidoglycan? | Penicillins & cephalosporins act against peptidoglycan & therefore don't affect eukaryote cells.
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| How do plasma membranes differ between eukaryote and prokaryote. | Prokaryote lack sterols and carbs.
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| cytosol | refers to fluid portion of cytoplasm
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| cytoplasmic streaming | Movement of cytoplasm in cell that helps distribute nutrients & move a cell over a surface.
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| Many enzymes found in cytoplasmic fluid of prokaryote are sequestered in __ of eukaryote. | Organelles
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| Nuclear pores control __. | Movement of substances between nucleus & cytoplasm.
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| Nucleoli/nucleolus | Condensed regions of chromosomes where rRNA is being synthesized.
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| Cisterns | Flattened membrane sacs of ER.
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| ER contains __ & synthesizes __. | unique enzymes - phospholipids, fats & sterols.
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| What are the functions of golgi complex? | Package substances in vesicles for transport.
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| Cristae | Outer mitochondrial membrane
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| __ are organelles that can reproduce more or less on their own. | mitochondria
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| Many of the metabolic steps involved in cellular respiration are concentrated in __. | matrix of mitochondria
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| Chloroplast | Organelle in algae & green plants that contain chlorophyll & enzymes
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| Chlorophyll is contained in what sacs? | thylakoids
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| __ in plants can reproduce on own like mitochondria. | chloroplasts
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| How are mitochondria similar to prokaryote cells? | How they reproduce - increase in size - then divide in two.
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| peroxisomes | Contain enzymes that can oxidize various organic substances - aminoacids & fatty acids.
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| Peroxisomes protect other cell parts from __. | H2O2 - hydrogen peroxide
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| Centrosome | Centrioles & pericentricular material - miotic spindle organizing center.
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| Endosymbiotic theory | Larger bacterial cell lost their cell walls & engulfed smaller bacterial cells & so eukaryotes formed.
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| Similar to bacterial cells, both mitochondria & chloroplasts contain __. | circular DNA & can reproduce on own.
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