ADN 2 CH 13 (GLOSSARY)
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| addiction: | a behavioral pattern of substance use characterized
by a compulsion to take the substance (drug or alcohol)
primarily to experience its psychic effects
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| agonist: | a substance that when combined with the receptor
produces the drug effect or desired effect.
Endorphins and morphine are agonists on the opioid receptors
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| algogenic: | causing pain
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| antagonist: | a substance that blocks or reverses the effects of the agonist by occupying the receptor site without producing the drug effect
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| balanced analgesia: | using more than one form of analgesia concurrently to obtain more pain relief with fewer side effects
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| breakthrough pain: | a sudden and temporary increase in
pain occurring in a patient being managed with opioid analgesia
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| dependence: | occurs when a patient who has been taking opioids experiences a withdrawal syndrome when the
opioids are discontinued; often occurs with opioid tolerance
and does not indicate an addiction
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| endorphins and enkephalins: | morphinelike substances
produced by the body. Primarily found in the central
nervous system, they have the potential to reduce pain
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| nociception: | activation of sensory transduction in nerves
by thermal, mechanical, or chemical energy impinging
on specialized nerve endings; the nerves involved
convey information about tissue damage to the central nervous system
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| nociceptor: | a receptor preferentially sensitive to a noxious stimulus
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| non-nociceptor: | nerve fiber that usually does not transmit pain
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| opioid: | a morphinelike compound that produces bodily
effects including pain relief, sedation, constipation, and
respiratory depression
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| pain: | an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience
resulting from actual or potential tissue damage
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| pain threshold: | the point at which a stimulus is perceived as painful
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| pain tolerance: | the maximum intensity or duration of pain that a person is able to endure
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| patient-controlled analgesia (PCA): | self-administration
of analgesic agents by a patient instructed about the procedure
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| placebo effect: | analgesia that results from the expectation that a substance will work, not from the actual substance itself
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| prostaglandins: | chemical substances that increase the
sensitivity of pain receptors by enhancing the painprovoking
effect of bradykinin
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| referred pain: | pain perceived as coming from an area
different from that in which the pathology is occurring
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| sensitization: | a heightened response seen after exposure to
a noxious stimulus. Response to the same stimulus is to
feel more pain
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| tolerance: | occurs when a person who has been taking opioids
becomes less sensitive to their analgesic properties
(and usually side effects); characterized by the need for
increasing doses to maintain the same level of pain relief
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