Lecture 4.
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
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| Comparison of Human DNA | 3.2 billion bp, Mito=16568
2 per cell and Mito-500to1000
DNA-99.75%
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| What are Mitochondrial Functions? | Power house of cell. Provides all chemical energy in form of ATP. Other functions include Apoptosis, heat production, storage of calcium, elongation of fatty acids, steroid synthesis.
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| What are the characteristics of mtDNA? | Has:Cirular Genome, about 16569 BP, codes for 37 genes, 22 tRNAs, 2 RNAs, 13 proteins. 4-5 copies per Mitochondria, thousands per cell. mtDNA makes up less than 1% of DNA. Some people have a 9 BP deletion.
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| Mitochondria has two strands describe them. | The Heavy Strand (H) which contains greater amounts of guanine and is purine rich. 28 gene products encoded.
The Light Strand (L) which contains more C and T nucleotides. Is pyrimidine rich. 9 (8tRNAs and 1 protein from L)
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| What is the reference sequence? | Reference sequence is also known as the Anderson sequence Sequenced in 1981. Also called Cambridge reference sequence.
The revised reference sequence is accepted standard (is 16568 BP)
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| Compare CRS to rCRA. | No difference in the control region. Original CRS contained a CC at 3106-3197 (only 1 C) (1 BP shorter)
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| How is mtDNA inherited? | Only through the female line from your mother.
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| How do we measure mtDNA variance? | Restriction Fragment Length Polymophism: Used in old method of measuring mtDNA variation.
New method consists of using PCR and sequence analysis in control region. MT control region only varies 1-2% in people.
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| What are some problems or what can go wrong with mtDNA? | Polymeric C Stretches, Hetroplasmy, Sample Mixtures, Nuclear pseudogenes, Common types of mtDNA.
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| Go over Nuculear Pseudogenes, C stretch, | Same
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| Future of mtDNA use? | Whole mitochondria genome sequencing. Proposed by Deborah Nickerson group in 1998. Used 24 pairs to span mt Genome.
Method used by Ingman in 2000 sequence using 53 mt Genomes.
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| What are the mtDNA databases we have? | EMPOP=European DNA Profiling group Mitochondrial DNA Populace Databases Project.
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