Endocrine Chapter 42
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| acromegaly | disease process resulting from excesive secretion of somatotropin; causes progressive enlargement of peripheral body parts.
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| addisonian crisis | acute adrenocortical insufficiency;characterized by hypotension, cyanosism, fever, nausea/vomiting, and classic signs of shock; precipitated by stress or abrupt withdrawal of therapeutic glucocorticoids.
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| Addison's disease | chronic adrenocortical insufficiency secondary to destruction of the adrenal glands.
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| adrenalectomy | surgical removal of one or both adrenal glands.
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| adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) | hormone secreted by the anterior pituitary, essential for growth and development.
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| adrenogenital syndrome | masculinization in women, feminization in men, or premature sexual development in children; result of abnormal secretion of adrenocortical hormones, especially androgens.
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| androgens | hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex; stimulate activity of accessory male sex organs and development of male sex characteristics.
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| basal metabolic rate | chemical reactions occurring when the body is in rest.
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| calcitonin | hromone secreted by the parafollicular cells of the thyroid gland; participates in calcium regulation.
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| Chvostek's sign | spasm of the facial muscles produced by sharply tapping over the facial nerve in front of the parotid gland and anterior to the ear; suggestive of latent tetany in patients with hypocalcemia.
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| corticosteriods | hormones produced by the adrenal cortex or their synthetic equivalents; also referred to as adrenal-cortical hormone and andrenocorticosteroid; consist of glucocorticoids, mineralcorticoids, and androgens.
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| cretinism | stunted body growth and mental development appearing during the first year of life as a result of cogenital hypothyroidism.
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| Cushing's syndrome | group of symptoms produced by an excess of free circulating cortisol from the adrenal cortex; characterized by truncal obesity, "moon face," acne, abdominal striae, and hypertension.
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| diabetes insipidus | condition in which abnormally large volumes of dilute urine are excreted as a result of deficient production of vasopressin.
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| dwarfism | generalized limited growth resulting from insufficient secretion of growth hormone during childhood.
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| endocrine | secreting internally; hormonal secretion of a ductless gland.
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| euthyroid | state of normal thyroid hormone production.
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| exocrine | secreting externally; hormonal secretion from excretory ducts.
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| exophthalmos | abnormal protrusion of one or both eyeballs.
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| glucocorticoids | steriod hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex in response to ACTH; produce a rise of liver glycogen and blood glucose.
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| goiter | enlargement of the thyroid gland; usually caused by an iodine-deficient diet.
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| Graves'disease | a form of hyperthyroidism; characterized by a diffuse goiter and exopthalmos.
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| hormones | chemical transmitter substances produced in one organ or part of the body and carried by the bloodstream to other cells or organs on which they have a specific regulatory effect; produced mainly by endocrine glands.
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| hypophysectomy | removal or destruction of all or part of the pituitary gland.
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| mineralocorticoid | steriod of the adrenal cortex.
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| myxedema | severe hypothyroidism characterized by an accumulation of mucopolysaccharides in interstitial tissues, a masklike expression, puffy eyelids, loss of eyebrow hair, thick lips, and a broad tongue.
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| negative feedback | regulating mechanism in which an increase or decrease in the level of a substance decreases or increases the function of the organ producing the substance.
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| oxytocin | hormone secreted by the posterior pituitary; causes myometrial contraction at term and milk release during lactation.
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| pheochromocytoma | chromaffin cell tumor, usually benign, located in the adrenal medulla; characterized by secretion of catecholamines resulting in hypertension, severe headache, profuse sweating, visual blurring, anxiety, and nausea.
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| syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone (SIADH) secretion | excessive secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH) from the pituitary gland despite low serum osmolality level.
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| thyroidectomy | surgical removal of all or part of the thyroid gland.
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| thyroiditis | inflammation of the thyroid gland; may lead to chronic hypothyroidism or may resolve spontaneously.
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| thyroid-stimulating hormone | released from the pituitary gland; causes stimulation of the thyroid; resulting in release of T3 and T4.
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| thyroid storm | severe life-threatening hyperthyroidism precipitated by stress; characterized by high fever, extreme tachycardia adn altered mental state.
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| thyrotoxicosis | condition produced by excessive endogenous or exogenous thyroid hormone.
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| thyroxine (T4) | thyroid hormone; active iodine compound formed and stored in the thyroid; deiodinated in peripheral tissues to form triiodothyronine; maintains body metabolism in a steady state.
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| triiodothyronine (T3) | thyroid hormone; formed and stored in the thyroid; released in smaller quantities, biologically more active and with faster onset of action than T4; widespread effect on cellular metabolism.
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| Trousseau's sign | carpopedal spasm induced when blood flow to the are is occluded using a blood pressure cuff or tourniquet, causing ischemia to the distal nerves; suggestive sign for latent tetany in hypocalcemia.
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| vasopressin | ADH secreted by the posterior pituitary; causes contraction of smooth muscle, particularly blood vessels.
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