Kutztown University 2012 Botany
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| The middle lamella is composed of.. | Pectin (a structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls)
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| What is the middle lamella? | a layer of adhesive substance rich in pectin which cements the cell walls of adjacent cells
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| What are plasmodesmata? | tiny strands of cytoplasm that extend between adjacent cells.
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| What is plant morphology? | the study of the form and external structure of plants
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| Name 4 characteristics of a living organism | Movement, Metabolism, Reproduction, Adaptation to the environment, response to stimuli, complex oganization, and growth
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| What is the mitochondria? | The site of aerobic cellular respiration
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| What is the tonoplast? | The membrane found around the vacuole
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| What are carbohydrates? | They are the most abundant organic compounds found in nature - contain C, H and O
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| What is a polymer? | a macromolecule composed of many monomers bound together
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| Name 4 important classes of polymers | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids
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| What are lipids? | fatty oily substances that are mostly insoluble in water. They typically store 2x as much energy as similar amounts of carbohydrate. important in energy reserves and structural components
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| What are proteins? | Consist of C, H, O, N, and sometimes Sulfer atoms. Regulate chemical functions in cells. Large and consist of one or more polypeptide chains
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| What are polypeptides? | Chains of amino acids
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| What is a peptide bond? | a covalent bond formed between the carboxyl carbon of one amino acid and the nitrogen of the amino group of another in a dehydration reaction
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| What are enzymes? | Mostly large, complex proteins that function as organic catalysts under specific conditions of pH and temperature
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| What are nucleic acids? | Exceptionally large, complex polymers which are vital to normal internal communication and functioning of all living cells (DNA&RNA)
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| What is plant physiology? | the study of plant function
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| What is plant ecology? | the study of plant interaction with one another and with their environment
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| What is lignin? | It's the woody part of a 2ndary cell wall.Provides water proofing, decay resistance and adds rigidity. Stains red with phloroglucinal HCL
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| What are pits? | regions where there is no 2ndary wall present. Transport from adjacent cells take place through pits
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| Are lysosomes typically present in plant cells? | No
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| What are Plastids? | the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds
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| Name three plastids: | Choroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts
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| Immature cells have many small... | vacuoles which eventually fuse into large central vacuoles
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| Cell sap in the vacuole contains... | wastes, oils, salts, sugars, protein, water and plant pigments
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| Anthocyanins are: | pigments within the vacuoles (red, purple or blue) color is pH dependant
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| Cell wall contains... | cellulose and carbohydrates
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| What is starch? | repeating glucose monomers; not in cell wall
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| microfibrils | bundles of cellulose molecules
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| What holds microfibrils together? | pectin
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| (T:F) All plant cells have a primary cell wall? | True
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| Primary Cell Wall | First form cell wall; not rigid. Very porous. Not selectively permeable
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| Secondary Cell Wall | Inside the primary cell wall; more rigid than the primary cell wall, contains no pectin. Lignin is often deposited in 2ndary cell walls
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| (T:F) Cells with primary and 2ndary cell walls can no longer grow and divide? | True
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| Pit pairs are.. | 2 pits of adjacent cells in line with one another
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| Rafflesia arnoldii | Corpse Flower; smells like rotten flesh. Parasitic, no chlorophyll
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| Simple tissues | one cell type
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| three types of simple tissues | parenchyma, chollenchyma, sclerenchyma
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| Parenchyma cells | Thin, primary cell walls only. Can grow and divide; do not stain red,
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| Parenchyma cell roles | photosynthesis and storage
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| Chollenchyma Cells | Unevenly thickened primary walls, no 2ndary walls
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| Chollenchyma Cell Roles | Provides support in actively growing regions, still flexible
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| Sclerenchyma Cells | Primary and secondary cell walls
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| 2 types of Sclerenchyma Cells | Fibers and Sclereids
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| Fibers (sclerenchyma) | Very thick cell walls, have pits, have a lumen, dead at maturity
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| Sclereids (sclerenchyma) | Isodiametric
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| Isodiametric | Equal diameters all around (sclereids)
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| Lumen | Where cytoplasm was
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| (T:F) Meristematic Cells actively grow and divide | True
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| (T:F) Complex tissues are non meristatic tissues | True
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| 5 Types of Complex Tissues | Epidermis, Xylem, Phloem, Periderm, Secretory
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| Epidermis | outermost layer of cells on plant organs, usually one cell thick
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| Trichomes | hairs or projections from epidermal cells for defense
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| (T:F) Glanular hairs do not secrete | False
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| Stapelia spp | Carrion flower; smells to attract pollinators
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| (T:F) Air plants are called leprocites | False, they are called epiphytes
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| (T:F) Air plants use roots to take up nutrients | False, they use hairs
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| Cuticle | Waxy layer outside of epidermis
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| Four types of hairs carnivorous plants may have: | Downward sloping hairs, narcotic hairs, glandular hairs, trigger hairs
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| Root hairs: | extensions from the epidermis which absorb water and dissolve substances; increase surface area
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| Roles of the xylem: | water and mineral transport, support, and some storage
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| Components of the xylem: | Parenchyma cells, fibers (sclerenchyma), vessels, trachieds, and rays of parenchyma cells
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| (T:F) Xylem transport is upwards and downwards | False, transport is upwards and sideways
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| Vessels | long tubes made up of vessel elements; open ended or R-like strips
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| (T:F) Trachieds are narrower than vessels? | True
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| (T:F) Trachieds and vessels both have primary and secondary cell walls | True; they are both part of the xylem which is made of sclerenchyma cells (which have primary and secondary cell walls)
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| (T:F) Both vessels and trachieds have lignin | True
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| (T:F) Vessels are living | False, dead at maturity
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| (T:F) Vessels are more resistant to transport than trachieds | False; trachieds are more resistant to transport
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| Prophase | the phase in which the nuclear envelope disapears and the chromosomes condense and become distinguishable
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| Interphase | in which cells spend most of their time
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| Metaphase | in which the centromeres of chromosomes are aligned at the middle of cell
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| Telophase | in which the middle lamella forms creating 2 daughter cells
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| What is the name of the red-orange organelles found in the cells of tomatoes and peppers? | Chromoplasts
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| What is one function of collenchyma cells? | Flexible support
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| What distinguishes sclerenchyma cells? | Lignin in secondary cell wall, dead at maturity
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| How would you distinguish anthocyanin pigments from chromoplasts? | Anthocyanin pigments dissolve in water whereas chromoplasts dissolve in fat
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| What is a cytoplasmic bridge? | Narrow strands of cytoplasm that criss-cross over the central vacuole
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| Where do starch grains develope in a cell? | in Leuocoplasts and on larger chloroplasts
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