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Bio 108 Test 1
Kutztown University 2012 Botany
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| The middle lamella is composed of.. | Pectin (a structural polysaccharide found in plant cell walls) |
| What is the middle lamella? | a layer of adhesive substance rich in pectin which cements the cell walls of adjacent cells |
| What are plasmodesmata? | tiny strands of cytoplasm that extend between adjacent cells. |
| What is plant morphology? | the study of the form and external structure of plants |
| Name 4 characteristics of a living organism | Movement, Metabolism, Reproduction, Adaptation to the environment, response to stimuli, complex oganization, and growth |
| What is the mitochondria? | The site of aerobic cellular respiration |
| What is the tonoplast? | The membrane found around the vacuole |
| What are carbohydrates? | They are the most abundant organic compounds found in nature - contain C, H and O |
| What is a polymer? | a macromolecule composed of many monomers bound together |
| Name 4 important classes of polymers | Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins and nucleic acids |
| What are lipids? | fatty oily substances that are mostly insoluble in water. They typically store 2x as much energy as similar amounts of carbohydrate. important in energy reserves and structural components |
| What are proteins? | Consist of C, H, O, N, and sometimes Sulfer atoms. Regulate chemical functions in cells. Large and consist of one or more polypeptide chains |
| What are polypeptides? | Chains of amino acids |
| What is a peptide bond? | a covalent bond formed between the carboxyl carbon of one amino acid and the nitrogen of the amino group of another in a dehydration reaction |
| What are enzymes? | Mostly large, complex proteins that function as organic catalysts under specific conditions of pH and temperature |
| What are nucleic acids? | Exceptionally large, complex polymers which are vital to normal internal communication and functioning of all living cells (DNA&RNA) |
| What is plant physiology? | the study of plant function |
| What is plant ecology? | the study of plant interaction with one another and with their environment |
| What is lignin? | It's the woody part of a 2ndary cell wall.Provides water proofing, decay resistance and adds rigidity. Stains red with phloroglucinal HCL |
| What are pits? | regions where there is no 2ndary wall present. Transport from adjacent cells take place through pits |
| Are lysosomes typically present in plant cells? | No |
| What are Plastids? | the site of manufacture and storage of important chemical compounds |
| Name three plastids: | Choroplasts, chromoplasts, leucoplasts |
| Immature cells have many small... | vacuoles which eventually fuse into large central vacuoles |
| Cell sap in the vacuole contains... | wastes, oils, salts, sugars, protein, water and plant pigments |
| Anthocyanins are: | pigments within the vacuoles (red, purple or blue) color is pH dependant |
| Cell wall contains... | cellulose and carbohydrates |
| What is starch? | repeating glucose monomers; not in cell wall |
| microfibrils | bundles of cellulose molecules |
| What holds microfibrils together? | pectin |
| (T:F) All plant cells have a primary cell wall? | True |
| Primary Cell Wall | First form cell wall; not rigid. Very porous. Not selectively permeable |
| Secondary Cell Wall | Inside the primary cell wall; more rigid than the primary cell wall, contains no pectin. Lignin is often deposited in 2ndary cell walls |
| (T:F) Cells with primary and 2ndary cell walls can no longer grow and divide? | True |
| Pit pairs are.. | 2 pits of adjacent cells in line with one another |
| Rafflesia arnoldii | Corpse Flower; smells like rotten flesh. Parasitic, no chlorophyll |
| Simple tissues | one cell type |
| three types of simple tissues | parenchyma, chollenchyma, sclerenchyma |
| Parenchyma cells | Thin, primary cell walls only. Can grow and divide; do not stain red, |
| Parenchyma cell roles | photosynthesis and storage |
| Chollenchyma Cells | Unevenly thickened primary walls, no 2ndary walls |
| Chollenchyma Cell Roles | Provides support in actively growing regions, still flexible |
| Sclerenchyma Cells | Primary and secondary cell walls |
| 2 types of Sclerenchyma Cells | Fibers and Sclereids |
| Fibers (sclerenchyma) | Very thick cell walls, have pits, have a lumen, dead at maturity |
| Sclereids (sclerenchyma) | Isodiametric |
| Isodiametric | Equal diameters all around (sclereids) |
| Lumen | Where cytoplasm was |
| (T:F) Meristematic Cells actively grow and divide | True |
| (T:F) Complex tissues are non meristatic tissues | True |
| 5 Types of Complex Tissues | Epidermis, Xylem, Phloem, Periderm, Secretory |
| Epidermis | outermost layer of cells on plant organs, usually one cell thick |
| Trichomes | hairs or projections from epidermal cells for defense |
| (T:F) Glanular hairs do not secrete | False |
| Stapelia spp | Carrion flower; smells to attract pollinators |
| (T:F) Air plants are called leprocites | False, they are called epiphytes |
| (T:F) Air plants use roots to take up nutrients | False, they use hairs |
| Cuticle | Waxy layer outside of epidermis |
| Four types of hairs carnivorous plants may have: | Downward sloping hairs, narcotic hairs, glandular hairs, trigger hairs |
| Root hairs: | extensions from the epidermis which absorb water and dissolve substances; increase surface area |
| Roles of the xylem: | water and mineral transport, support, and some storage |
| Components of the xylem: | Parenchyma cells, fibers (sclerenchyma), vessels, trachieds, and rays of parenchyma cells |
| (T:F) Xylem transport is upwards and downwards | False, transport is upwards and sideways |
| Vessels | long tubes made up of vessel elements; open ended or R-like strips |
| (T:F) Trachieds are narrower than vessels? | True |
| (T:F) Trachieds and vessels both have primary and secondary cell walls | True; they are both part of the xylem which is made of sclerenchyma cells (which have primary and secondary cell walls) |
| (T:F) Both vessels and trachieds have lignin | True |
| (T:F) Vessels are living | False, dead at maturity |
| (T:F) Vessels are more resistant to transport than trachieds | False; trachieds are more resistant to transport |
| Prophase | the phase in which the nuclear envelope disapears and the chromosomes condense and become distinguishable |
| Interphase | in which cells spend most of their time |
| Metaphase | in which the centromeres of chromosomes are aligned at the middle of cell |
| Telophase | in which the middle lamella forms creating 2 daughter cells |
| What is the name of the red-orange organelles found in the cells of tomatoes and peppers? | Chromoplasts |
| What is one function of collenchyma cells? | Flexible support |
| What distinguishes sclerenchyma cells? | Lignin in secondary cell wall, dead at maturity |
| How would you distinguish anthocyanin pigments from chromoplasts? | Anthocyanin pigments dissolve in water whereas chromoplasts dissolve in fat |
| What is a cytoplasmic bridge? | Narrow strands of cytoplasm that criss-cross over the central vacuole |
| Where do starch grains develope in a cell? | in Leuocoplasts and on larger chloroplasts |
Created by:
andrewdouv
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