Microbiology - Part 1
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| This MICROBIOLOGY stack covers chapter 11. | (blank)
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| Q: Staphylococcus aureus | A: Gram pos. cocci / Acute Endocarditis, Impetigo, Boils, Scalded Skin Syndrome, Toxic Shock Syndrome, Food Poisoning, Folliculitis, Furuncle, Carbuncle, Osteomyelitis, Wound Infection
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| Q: Staphylococcus epidermidis | A: Gram pos. cocci / Subacute Endocarditis, Skin Infections, UTI
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| Q: Staphylococcus saprophyticus | A: Gram pos. cocci / causes UTI
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| Q: Streptococcus pyogenes (group A, beta hemolytic) | A: Gram pos. cocci / causes strep throat (pharyngitis), necrotizing fascitis, scarlet fever, rheumatic fever, impetigo, erysipelas, cellulitis, glomerulonephritis, otitis media, sinusitis
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| Q: Streptococcus pneumoniae (alpha hemolytic) | A: Gram pos. cocci / cause pneumonia & meningitis
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| Q: Streptococcus Agalactiae (group B, beta hemolytic) | A: Gram pos. cocci / causes neonatal septicemia, pneumonia, meningitis
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| Q: Streptococcus mitis | A: Gram pos. cocci / viridans group / causes dental caries, subacute endocarditis
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| Q: Streptococcus mutans | A: Gram pos. cocci / viridans group / causes dental caries, subacute endocarditis
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| Q: Streptococcus salivarius | A: Gram pos. cocci / viridans group / causes dental caries, subacute endocarditis
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| Q: Enterococcus faecalis (group D, gamma hemolytic) | A: Gram pos. cocci / causes UTI, endocarditis, septicemia, appendicitis
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| Q: There are three medically significant groups of Gram + bacteria. What are they and what species would be found in each? | A: The three groups are A, B, and D. Group A (Streptococcus pyogenes), group B (Streptococcus agalactiae), and group D (Enterococcus faecalis)
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| Q: Neisseria gonorrhea | A: Gram neg. cocci / causes gonorrhea, ophthalmia neonatorum
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| Q: Neisseria meningitides | A: Gram neg. cocci / causes meningitis, Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome
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| Q: Bacillus anthracis | A: Gram pos. rod / causes respiratory anthrax (wool-sorters’ disease), gastrointestinal anthrax (very rare), cutaneous infection
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| Q: Bacillus cereus | A: Gram pos. rod / causes gastroenteritis, food poisoning
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| Q: Clostridium tetani | A: Gram pos. rod / anaerobic / causes tetanus (lock jaw)
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| Q: This inhibits inhibitory neurons | A: Clostridium tetani
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| Q: Clostridium botulinum | A: Gram pos. rod / anaerobic / causes botulism
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| Q: This blocks acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. | A: Clostridium botulinum
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| Q: Clostridium difficile | A: Gram pos. rod / anaerobic / causes pseudomembranous colitis, dental caries
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| Q: Clostridium perfringens | A: Gram pos. rod / anaerobic / causes gas gangrene
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| Q: What two genuses form endospores? | A: Bacillus and Clostridium
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| Q: Non-spore forming Gram + rods are broken down into how many subgroups? What are those subgroups? | A: Non-spore forming Gram + rods are broken down into two subgroups based on morphology: Regular shape and irregular shape
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| Q: Lactobacillus acidophilus | A: Gram pos. rod / Non-spore forming / regular / important in food industry (yogurt)
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| Q: Listeria monocytogenes | A: Gram pos. rod / non-spore forming / regular / causes meningitis and sepsis in newborns
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| Q: Corynebacterium diphtheriae | A: Gram pos. rod / non-spore forming / irregular / causes diphtheria
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| Q: Propionibacterium acnes | A: Gram pos. rod (yes, the handout is wrong) / anaerobic / casues acne vulgaris (acne)
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| Q: Escherichia coli | A: Gram - / facultative anaerobe / bacilli / UTI, Gastroenteritis, Dysentery, Sepsis, Pneumonia, Travelers’ Diarrhea, Meningitis, Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
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| Q: Salmonella typhi | A: Gram neg. rod / facultative anaerobe / causes typhoid fever
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| Q: Salmonella enteritidis | A: Gram neg. rod / facultative anaerobe / causes gastroenteritis
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| Q: Salmonella typhimurium | A: Gram neg. rod / facultative anaerobe / causes enterocolitis
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| Q: Name the four species of genus Shigella | A: Shigella flexneri, S. boydii, S. sonnei, S. dysenteriae
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| Q: Genus Shigella | A: Gram neg. rod / facultative anaerobe / non-motile / fecal-oral transmission / endotoxin, enterotoxin, Shiga toxin (A&B subunits) / causes dysentery or shigellosis
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| Q: Genus Yersinia | A: Gram neg. rod / facultative intracellular / grows at 28 degrees C / causes bubonic plague
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| Q: Klebsiella pneumonia | A: Gram neg. rod / facultative anaerobe / #1 cause of nosocomial infections / Pneumonia (bloody sputum)
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| Q: True or false? All Staphylococci are catalase positive. | A: True!
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| Q: How often should you get a DaPT injection? | A: Every 10 years.
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| Q: Serratia marcescens | A: Gram neg. rod / facultative anaerobe / motile / direct contact causes nosocomial infections such as UTI, Pneumonia & wound infections
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| Q: Name the enteric bacteria discussed in this chapter. | A: Proteus, E. coli, Salmonella, Shigella, Serratia & Enterobacter.
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| Q: Genus Proteus | A: Gram neg. rod / enteric / facultative anaerobe / highly motile / urease pos. / causes UTI
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| Q: What disease is caused by genus Proteus? And what enzyme is produced by genus Proteus? | A: Genus Proteus produces urease and is a frequent cause of urinary tract infections (UTI).
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| Q: Name the disease, signs and symptoms caused by genus Shigella. | A: Shigella causes shigellosis, AKA bacillary dysentery (S. sonnei is #1 cause in industrial world). Patients present with fever, dysentery, vomiting, headache, stiff neck, convulsions and painful joints.
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| Q: Name the disease, signs and symptoms caused by Salmonella typhi. | A: Salmonella typhi causes typhoid fever. Patients present with fever, severe headache, and abdominal pain followed in some cases by intestinal rupture, internal bleeding, shock and death.
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| Q: Haemophilus influenzae | A: Gram neg. rod / aerobic / non-motile / pleomorphic / #1 cause of meningitis & otitis media in children, in adults 2nd most common cause of community acquired pneumonia
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| Q: Name the disease caused by Haemophilus ducreyi, type of ulcer & how it’s transmitted. | A: H. ducreyi causes the STD chancroid which is characterized by single or multiple painful soft chancres and painful and enlarged regional lymph nodes.
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| Q: Among sexually transmitted diseases, which is most common? | A: Gonorrhea is the most common (caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae) followed by chancroid (caused by Haemophilus ducreyi).
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| Q: What is the most common cause of community acquired pneumonia? | A: Streptococcal pneumoniae
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| Q: Name the disease caused by Klebsiella pneumoniae and the type of population it affects? | A: K. pneumoniae is a common cause of nosocomial pneumonia. It tends to affect people with underlying diseases such as alcoholism, diabetes, chronic lung disease and those who are immunocompromised.
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| Q: What is the natural reservoir of the condition known as Black Death? Which bacterium is responsible for this condition? | A: Black Death, also known as the Bubonic Plague, is caused by Yersinia enterocolitica. The natural reservoir of the disease is rodents.
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| Q: Genus Vibrio | A: Gram neg. vibrio / facultative anaerobe / motile (single flagellum) / causes cholera
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| Q: Name the disease caused by Vibrio cholerae and list the major signs & symptoms. | A: V. cholerae causes cholera which can be asymptomatic to severe sudden onset vomiting, headache, intestinal cramping, low grade fever & painless voluminous diarrhea (RICE WATER STOOL).
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| Q: If you are asked to name the natural host of Campylobacter jejuni, are you going to answer, ducks? | A: Of course not because you remember how she made such a big deal about the fact that when we think of poultry we should be thinking chicken.
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| Q: Name the diseases caused by Campylobacter jejuni. | A: C. jejuni is the most common cause of diarrhea and complications of the disease.
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| Q: Helicobacter pylori | A: Gram neg. spiral shaped / microaerophilic / motile (multiple flagella) / causes gastritis, peptic ulcers & stomach cancer
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| Q: What is the common cause of peptic ulcer disease? | A: Helicobacter pylori… Duodenal ulcers: 95% related to H. pylori - Gastric ulcers: 80% related to H. pylori
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| Q: A gram negative rod that DOES NOT produce endospores is a definition of what? | A: Enteric bacteria
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| Q: Name the four strains of E. coli | A: Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC), Enteroinvasive E. coli (EIEC), Enteropathogenic E. coli (EPEC), and Enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEP).
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| Q: Know that you know the four strains of E. coli, what diseases do they cause? | A: ETEC (traveler’s diarrhea and diarrhea in infants), EIEC (disease similar to that caused by Shigella), EPEC (diarrheal outbreaks in hospital nurseries and in bottle-fed infants), EHEP (bloody diarrhea [dysentery] and hemolytic uremic syndrome).
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| Q: What is the difference between diarrhea and dysentery? | A: Diarrhea is fecal matter, mucus & puss… add blood to the mix and you’ve got dysentery.
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| Q: What is the most common cause of UTI? | A: Escherichia coli (E. coli)
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| Q: So which is which? Is Streptococci catalase positive or negative? What about Staphylococci? | A: Streptococci are catalase negative and Staphylococci are catalase positive.
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| Q: Genus Treponema | A: Spirochetes / gram neg. cell wall / motile / causes STD syphilis
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| Q: Which species of genus Treponema causes syphilis? | A: Treponema pallidum
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| Q: How many stages are present in syphilis? | A: There are three stages, primary, secondary and tertiary.
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| Q: Of the three stages of syphilis, which are infectious? | A: The primary and secondary stages are infectious.
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| Q: What is the causative agent of Lyme disease? | A: Borrelia burgdorferi
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| Q: What is the vector of Lyme disease? | A: The deer tick (it is estimated that 80% of ticks on the east coast are infected). Ticks usually go from mice to humans.
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| Q: How are symptoms of Lyme disease divided? | A: Into three stages, stage 1, 2 & 3.
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| Q: Describe stage 1 Lyme disease. | A: Stage 1 is a few days to weeks after tick bite. Stage 1 is characterized by erythema migrans (bull’s eye rash seen in 2/3 of cases), red bump to circle of 15cm, fatigue, chills, fever, stiff neck, joint and muscle pain.
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| Q: Describe stage 2 Lyme disease. | A: 2 to 8 weeks after rash. Affects heart (electrical conduction impaired, dizziness & fainting) & nervous system (paralysis of face, severe headache, pain on moving eyes, difficulty concentrating, emotional instability, nerve impairment of arms and legs)
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| Q: Describe stage 3 Lyme disease. | A: Stage 3 happens about six weeks after rash and happens in 60% of the untreated cases. Stage 3 is characterized by joint pain, swelling and tenderness of large joints, and chronic nervous system impairment (localized pain, paralysis, and depression).
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| Q: Genus Chlamydia | A: Gram neg. rod / obligate intracellular parasite / most common cause of STD / infectious form = elementary body, non-infectious form = reticulate body
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| Q: What is caused by Chlamydia trachomatis? | A: Trachoma & lymphogranuloma. In the USA it is the primary cause of nongonococcal urethritis (NGU), epididymitis, pelvic inflammatory disease (PID), and in neonates it causes ophthalmia neonatorum and pneumonia. Leading cause of blindness worldwide.
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