Chapter 1,6,9
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| Active involvement in behaviors or programs that advance positive well-being | Health promotion
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| the sum of the processes involved with the intake of nutrients as well as assimilating and using them to maintain body tissue and provide energy; a foundation for life and health. | nutrition
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| a professional dietitian, accredited with an academic degree of undergraduate or graduate study program, who has passed required registration examinations administered by the American Dietetic Association | Registered Dietitian (RD)
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| A state of optimal physical, mental, and social well-being; relative freedom from disease or disability | Health
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| what provides energy | carbs
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| what builds tissue | protein
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| metabolism refers to the ___ of all body processes that accomplish the 3 basic life-sustaining task. | sum
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| Each gram of carbohydrate consumed yields ___ of body energy | 4
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| Each gram of fats consumed yields a fuel factor of ___ | 9
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| Each gram of proteins consumed yields ___ fuel factor. | 4
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| Vitamins and minerals are nutrients that help ___ many body process | regulate
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| Optimal nutrition means that a person receives and uses substances obtained from a __ & __ diet of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins, and water in ___ amounts | varied and balanced
ideal amounts
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| The sum of all chemical changes that take place in the body by which it maintains itself and produces energy for its functioning | metabolism
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| a polysaccharide, the main storage form of carbohydrate, largely stored in the liver and to a lesser extent in muscle tissue | glycogen
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| refers to a unit of heat measure | calorie
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| A kilocalorie, or 1000 calories, is the measure of heat necessary to raise the temp of 1000g (1L) of water ___ | 1C
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| nitrogen-bearing compounds that form the structural units of protein. | amino acids
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| After digestion amino acids are available for synthesis of | specific tissue protein
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| signs of more serious malnutrition appear when nutritional ___ are depleted and nutrient and energy intake is not sufficient to meet day-to-day needs or added metabolic stress | reserves
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| The RDAs, recommended dietary allowances, published by the national academy of sciences, has been thee authoritative source setting standards for the ___ amounts of nutrients necessary to protect almost all persons against the risk for nutrient deficiency | minimum
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| In 2005, the prevalence of food insecurity was substantially higher in households headed by what 3 households | Single mothers
African Americans
Hispanic
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| both public awareness and research attention have shifted to reflect an increasing emphasis on nutrient requirements for ___ optimal health within the general population | maintaining
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| Nutrient recommendations for each gender and age group that can be used for assessing and planning diets for healthy populations | DRIs Dietary reference intakes
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| recommended daily allowances of nutrients and energy intake for population groups according to age and sex, with defined weight and height | RDAs recommended dietary allowances
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| a visual pattern of the current basic 5 food groups, arranged in a pyramid shape to indicate proportionate amounts of daily food choices. | MyPyramid
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| what are the 5 groups in the pyramid | Grains
Vegetables
Fruits
Milk
Meat and beans
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| the current guidelines continue to serve as a useful general guide for ___ dietary and lifestyle choices that reduce the risk for chronic disease | promoting
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| good food habits based on __ & __ can help build sounds, healthy bodies | moderation and variety
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| Why does the body need constant energy? | to do work necessary for maintenance of life and health
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| Both __ & __ actions are involved for the body to work | voluntary and involuntary
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| ___ work includes all actions related to a person's usual activities as well as any additional physical exercise | voluntary
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| what work is a conscious action; such as swimming, walking, running | Voluntary
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| All of the activities in the body not consciously performed | involuntary
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| what body work is responsible for such as vital processes as circulation, respiration, digestion, and absorption- as well as many other internal activities that maintain life | involuntary
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| circulation, respiration, digestion, and absorption is referred to as | thermic effect of food
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| what forms do involuntary body functions require energy for? | Chemical
electrical
mechanical
thermal
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| what is chemical energy | many metabolic products
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| what is electrical energy | brain and nerve activities
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| what is mechanical energy | muscle contraction
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| what is thermal heat | energy to keep the body warm
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| A ___ is the amount of hear necessary to raise 1 _ of water 1C | kilocalorie (kg)
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| what is a calorie | measurement of heat
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| relative fuel densities: carbohydrate __ Kcal/g Fat __ Kcal/g protein __ Kcal/g alcohol __ Kcal/g | 4
9
4
7
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| In the environment, the ultimate source of energy is the __ and its vast nuclear reactions | sun
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| Using __ & __ as raw materials, plants transform the sun's radiation into __ __ __ | stored chemical energy
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| the food chain continues as animals, what cycle includes human being, eat plants and the flesh of other animals | External energy cycle
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| when people eat plant and animal foods, the stored energy changes into body fuels (__&__) and cycles them into carious other energy forms to serve body needs | glucose and fatty acids
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| what cycle includes the involuntary actions, such as chemical, electrical, mechanical, and thermal | Internal energy cycle
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| as internal energy cycle continues, water is __, carbon dioxide is __, and hear is __ returning these end products to __ environment | excreated
exhaled
radiated
external
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| A 12 to 48 hour reserve of __ exists in __&__ and is __ depleted if not replenished by daily food intake | glycogen
liver and muscles
quickly
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| Breakfast has a significant function for | energy intake
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| what is used for the body's primary fuel, with fat assisting as a storage fuel | carbs
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| what is used for energy only when other fuel sources are not available | protein
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| although fat storage is larger than glycogen, the supply varies from person to person | adipose tissue
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| as an additional energy resource, ___ provides more Kcal per gram than any other fuel source | stored fat
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| energy in the form of protein exist in ____ | muscle mass
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| what kind of muscle mass must be maintained for health | lean
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| the total chemical changes that occur during all these activities are called | metabolism
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| the exchange of energy in overall balance usually is expressed in | kilocalories
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| the following 3 demands for energy determine the body's total energy requirements | resting energy expenditure
physical activity
thermic effect of food
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| refers to the sum of all internal working activities of the body at rest and is expressed in kcal per day | resting energy expenditure (REE)
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| the amount of energy needed by the body for maintenance of life at rest over 24-hour period; often used interchangeably with basal energy expenditure but is slightly higher | REE, resting energy expenditure
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| the amount of energy (in kcal) needed by the body for maintenance of life when a person is at complete digestive, physical, mental, thermal, and emotional rest | BEE, basal energy expenditure
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| what test may be used as an indicator of BMR because the thyroid hormone regulates metabolism | thyroid function test
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| what is TEE | total energy expenditure
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| what is PA | physical activity
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| what is EER | estimated energy requirement
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| what is the formula for calculating basal energy needs | 1kcal X kg body weight X 24 hours- males
0.9kcal X kg body weight X 24 hours- females
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| ONe of the greatest factors affecting metabolism is the percent of ____ | lean body mass
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| energy expenditure also is influenced by __ | hormonal status
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| the flight or fight reflexes __ metabolic rate because of the hormone __ | increase
epinephrine
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| what other hormones can increase metabolism and may fluctuate daily | growth hormone
insulin
cortisol
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| growth hormone, insulin, and cortisol effect metabolism. (Do they increase/decrease it? How often do these change? | increase
daily
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| after eating, food stimulates __ and requires extra energy for __,__,__ of nutrients to the cells | metabolism
digestion, absorption, and transportation
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| your estimated energy requirements (in kcal) per day is the sum of your body's 3 uses of energy, as follows | 1- RMR (resting metabolic rate)
2- Thermic effect of food
3- physical activity
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| mostly resting with little or no planned strenuous activity and only performing those tasks required for independent living | sedentary
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| in addition to activities of a sedentary lifestyle, the added equivalent of a 1.5 to 3 mile walk at a speed of 3-4 mph for the average-weight person | low active
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| in addition to the activities identified with a sedentary lifestyle, an average of 60 minutes of daily moderate-intensity physical activity | active
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| in addition to activities of a sedentary lifestyles, an activity level equivalent to walking 3-4 mph for 12 to 22 miles/day, or shorter periods of more vigorous exertion | very active
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| formula for EER, estimated energy requirements; men, age 19 or older | 662-(9.53 X age [year]) + physical activity(PA) X (15.91 X weight [kg] + 539.6 X height[m]
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| formula for EER, estimated energy requirements; females, age 19 and older | 354- (6.91 X age [yr] + PA X (9.36 X weight [kg] + 726 X height [m]
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| body metabolism requires | water
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| a general rule is that roughly ___ of water is necessary for every __ in the diet | 1000mL
1000kcal
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| __ plays an important role in determining water needs, especially in __ | age
infants
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| an infants body content of water is __% of total body weight | 70-75
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| a relatively large amount of this total body water is __ the cells and thus is more easily _ | outside
lost
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| in dehydration, b/p and pulse | b/p decreases and pulse increases
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| dehydration weight loss greater than __% usually is fatal | 20
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| what is hyponatremia | sodium level below 135
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| as blood volume is diluted with excess water, the water moves to the ___ spaces to reestablish equilibrium with ___ | intracellular fluid
sodium concentration
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| plasma protein molecules are retained in __, controlling water movement in the body and maintaining blood volume by influencing the shift of water in and out of capillaries | blood vessels
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| plasma proteins are called calloids, which exert collidal osmotic pressure (COP) to maintain integrity of __ | blood volume
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| the movement of water molecules from an area with low solute concentration to an area with high solute concentration | osmosis
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| the force by which these particles move outward in all directions from an area of greater concentration of particles to an area of lesser concentration of particles | simple diffusion
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| fluid pressure produced by protein molecules in the plasma and cell | COP colloidal osmotic pressure
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| antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also called vasopressin, is synthesized by the hypothalamus and stored in the ___ for release | pituitary gland
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| the hormone aldosterone is produced by the ___ | adrenal glands
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| where are the adrenal glands located | top of each kidney
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| what does pH stand for | power of the hydrogen
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| pH less than 7 are | acid
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| pH higher than 7 are | alkaline
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| the human body contains many buffer systems because only a relatively narrow range of pH is compatible with life | 7.35 to 7.45
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| blood pH less than 7.35. | acidosis
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| respiratory acidosis is caused from an | accumulation of carbon dioxide
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| metabolic acidosis may be caused by a variety of conditions resulting in excess accumulation of acids in the __ or from a significant loss of __ | body
bicarbonate
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| blood pH greater than 7.45 | alkalosis
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| respiratory alkalosis is caused from __ and excess loss of __ | hyperventilation
carbon dioxide
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| metabolic alkalosis is seen with extensive __ in which significant amounts of __ are secreted (a base) | vomiting
bicarbonate
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| a human body is approx __ water | 50-60
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| what is the normal range for Potassium | 3.5 to 5
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| what is the normal range for sodium | 135 to 145
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| what is the normal range for calcium | 8.5 to 10
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| what is the normal range for glucose | 70 to 110
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| what is the normal range for creatine | 0.6 to 1.2
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| what is the normal range for BUN | 8-21
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