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Nutrition test 1
Chapter 1,6,9
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| Active involvement in behaviors or programs that advance positive well-being | Health promotion |
| the sum of the processes involved with the intake of nutrients as well as assimilating and using them to maintain body tissue and provide energy; a foundation for life and health. | nutrition |
| a professional dietitian, accredited with an academic degree of undergraduate or graduate study program, who has passed required registration examinations administered by the American Dietetic Association | Registered Dietitian (RD) |
| A state of optimal physical, mental, and social well-being; relative freedom from disease or disability | Health |
| what provides energy | carbs |
| what builds tissue | protein |
| metabolism refers to the ___ of all body processes that accomplish the 3 basic life-sustaining task. | sum |
| Each gram of carbohydrate consumed yields ___ of body energy | 4 |
| Each gram of fats consumed yields a fuel factor of ___ | 9 |
| Each gram of proteins consumed yields ___ fuel factor. | 4 |
| Vitamins and minerals are nutrients that help ___ many body process | regulate |
| Optimal nutrition means that a person receives and uses substances obtained from a __ & __ diet of carbohydrates, fats, proteins, minerals, vitamins, and water in ___ amounts | varied and balanced ideal amounts |
| The sum of all chemical changes that take place in the body by which it maintains itself and produces energy for its functioning | metabolism |
| a polysaccharide, the main storage form of carbohydrate, largely stored in the liver and to a lesser extent in muscle tissue | glycogen |
| refers to a unit of heat measure | calorie |
| A kilocalorie, or 1000 calories, is the measure of heat necessary to raise the temp of 1000g (1L) of water ___ | 1C |
| nitrogen-bearing compounds that form the structural units of protein. | amino acids |
| After digestion amino acids are available for synthesis of | specific tissue protein |
| signs of more serious malnutrition appear when nutritional ___ are depleted and nutrient and energy intake is not sufficient to meet day-to-day needs or added metabolic stress | reserves |
| The RDAs, recommended dietary allowances, published by the national academy of sciences, has been thee authoritative source setting standards for the ___ amounts of nutrients necessary to protect almost all persons against the risk for nutrient deficiency | minimum |
| In 2005, the prevalence of food insecurity was substantially higher in households headed by what 3 households | Single mothers African Americans Hispanic |
| both public awareness and research attention have shifted to reflect an increasing emphasis on nutrient requirements for ___ optimal health within the general population | maintaining |
| Nutrient recommendations for each gender and age group that can be used for assessing and planning diets for healthy populations | DRIs Dietary reference intakes |
| recommended daily allowances of nutrients and energy intake for population groups according to age and sex, with defined weight and height | RDAs recommended dietary allowances |
| a visual pattern of the current basic 5 food groups, arranged in a pyramid shape to indicate proportionate amounts of daily food choices. | MyPyramid |
| what are the 5 groups in the pyramid | Grains Vegetables Fruits Milk Meat and beans |
| the current guidelines continue to serve as a useful general guide for ___ dietary and lifestyle choices that reduce the risk for chronic disease | promoting |
| good food habits based on __ & __ can help build sounds, healthy bodies | moderation and variety |
| Why does the body need constant energy? | to do work necessary for maintenance of life and health |
| Both __ & __ actions are involved for the body to work | voluntary and involuntary |
| ___ work includes all actions related to a person's usual activities as well as any additional physical exercise | voluntary |
| what work is a conscious action; such as swimming, walking, running | Voluntary |
| All of the activities in the body not consciously performed | involuntary |
| what body work is responsible for such as vital processes as circulation, respiration, digestion, and absorption- as well as many other internal activities that maintain life | involuntary |
| circulation, respiration, digestion, and absorption is referred to as | thermic effect of food |
| what forms do involuntary body functions require energy for? | Chemical electrical mechanical thermal |
| what is chemical energy | many metabolic products |
| what is electrical energy | brain and nerve activities |
| what is mechanical energy | muscle contraction |
| what is thermal heat | energy to keep the body warm |
| A ___ is the amount of hear necessary to raise 1 _ of water 1C | kilocalorie (kg) |
| what is a calorie | measurement of heat |
| relative fuel densities: carbohydrate __ Kcal/g Fat __ Kcal/g protein __ Kcal/g alcohol __ Kcal/g | 4 9 4 7 |
| In the environment, the ultimate source of energy is the __ and its vast nuclear reactions | sun |
| Using __ & __ as raw materials, plants transform the sun's radiation into __ __ __ | stored chemical energy |
| the food chain continues as animals, what cycle includes human being, eat plants and the flesh of other animals | External energy cycle |
| when people eat plant and animal foods, the stored energy changes into body fuels (__&__) and cycles them into carious other energy forms to serve body needs | glucose and fatty acids |
| what cycle includes the involuntary actions, such as chemical, electrical, mechanical, and thermal | Internal energy cycle |
| as internal energy cycle continues, water is __, carbon dioxide is __, and hear is __ returning these end products to __ environment | excreated exhaled radiated external |
| A 12 to 48 hour reserve of __ exists in __&__ and is __ depleted if not replenished by daily food intake | glycogen liver and muscles quickly |
| Breakfast has a significant function for | energy intake |
| what is used for the body's primary fuel, with fat assisting as a storage fuel | carbs |
| what is used for energy only when other fuel sources are not available | protein |
| although fat storage is larger than glycogen, the supply varies from person to person | adipose tissue |
| as an additional energy resource, ___ provides more Kcal per gram than any other fuel source | stored fat |
| energy in the form of protein exist in ____ | muscle mass |
| what kind of muscle mass must be maintained for health | lean |
| the total chemical changes that occur during all these activities are called | metabolism |
| the exchange of energy in overall balance usually is expressed in | kilocalories |
| the following 3 demands for energy determine the body's total energy requirements | resting energy expenditure physical activity thermic effect of food |
| refers to the sum of all internal working activities of the body at rest and is expressed in kcal per day | resting energy expenditure (REE) |
| the amount of energy needed by the body for maintenance of life at rest over 24-hour period; often used interchangeably with basal energy expenditure but is slightly higher | REE, resting energy expenditure |
| the amount of energy (in kcal) needed by the body for maintenance of life when a person is at complete digestive, physical, mental, thermal, and emotional rest | BEE, basal energy expenditure |
| what test may be used as an indicator of BMR because the thyroid hormone regulates metabolism | thyroid function test |
| what is TEE | total energy expenditure |
| what is PA | physical activity |
| what is EER | estimated energy requirement |
| what is the formula for calculating basal energy needs | 1kcal X kg body weight X 24 hours- males 0.9kcal X kg body weight X 24 hours- females |
| ONe of the greatest factors affecting metabolism is the percent of ____ | lean body mass |
| energy expenditure also is influenced by __ | hormonal status |
| the flight or fight reflexes __ metabolic rate because of the hormone __ | increase epinephrine |
| what other hormones can increase metabolism and may fluctuate daily | growth hormone insulin cortisol |
| growth hormone, insulin, and cortisol effect metabolism. (Do they increase/decrease it? How often do these change? | increase daily |
| after eating, food stimulates __ and requires extra energy for __,__,__ of nutrients to the cells | metabolism digestion, absorption, and transportation |
| your estimated energy requirements (in kcal) per day is the sum of your body's 3 uses of energy, as follows | 1- RMR (resting metabolic rate) 2- Thermic effect of food 3- physical activity |
| mostly resting with little or no planned strenuous activity and only performing those tasks required for independent living | sedentary |
| in addition to activities of a sedentary lifestyle, the added equivalent of a 1.5 to 3 mile walk at a speed of 3-4 mph for the average-weight person | low active |
| in addition to the activities identified with a sedentary lifestyle, an average of 60 minutes of daily moderate-intensity physical activity | active |
| in addition to activities of a sedentary lifestyles, an activity level equivalent to walking 3-4 mph for 12 to 22 miles/day, or shorter periods of more vigorous exertion | very active |
| formula for EER, estimated energy requirements; men, age 19 or older | 662-(9.53 X age [year]) + physical activity(PA) X (15.91 X weight [kg] + 539.6 X height[m] |
| formula for EER, estimated energy requirements; females, age 19 and older | 354- (6.91 X age [yr] + PA X (9.36 X weight [kg] + 726 X height [m] |
| body metabolism requires | water |
| a general rule is that roughly ___ of water is necessary for every __ in the diet | 1000mL 1000kcal |
| __ plays an important role in determining water needs, especially in __ | age infants |
| an infants body content of water is __% of total body weight | 70-75 |
| a relatively large amount of this total body water is __ the cells and thus is more easily _ | outside lost |
| in dehydration, b/p and pulse | b/p decreases and pulse increases |
| dehydration weight loss greater than __% usually is fatal | 20 |
| what is hyponatremia | sodium level below 135 |
| as blood volume is diluted with excess water, the water moves to the ___ spaces to reestablish equilibrium with ___ | intracellular fluid sodium concentration |
| plasma protein molecules are retained in __, controlling water movement in the body and maintaining blood volume by influencing the shift of water in and out of capillaries | blood vessels |
| plasma proteins are called calloids, which exert collidal osmotic pressure (COP) to maintain integrity of __ | blood volume |
| the movement of water molecules from an area with low solute concentration to an area with high solute concentration | osmosis |
| the force by which these particles move outward in all directions from an area of greater concentration of particles to an area of lesser concentration of particles | simple diffusion |
| fluid pressure produced by protein molecules in the plasma and cell | COP colloidal osmotic pressure |
| antidiuretic hormone (ADH), also called vasopressin, is synthesized by the hypothalamus and stored in the ___ for release | pituitary gland |
| the hormone aldosterone is produced by the ___ | adrenal glands |
| where are the adrenal glands located | top of each kidney |
| what does pH stand for | power of the hydrogen |
| pH less than 7 are | acid |
| pH higher than 7 are | alkaline |
| the human body contains many buffer systems because only a relatively narrow range of pH is compatible with life | 7.35 to 7.45 |
| blood pH less than 7.35. | acidosis |
| respiratory acidosis is caused from an | accumulation of carbon dioxide |
| metabolic acidosis may be caused by a variety of conditions resulting in excess accumulation of acids in the __ or from a significant loss of __ | body bicarbonate |
| blood pH greater than 7.45 | alkalosis |
| respiratory alkalosis is caused from __ and excess loss of __ | hyperventilation carbon dioxide |
| metabolic alkalosis is seen with extensive __ in which significant amounts of __ are secreted (a base) | vomiting bicarbonate |
| a human body is approx __ water | 50-60 |
| what is the normal range for Potassium | 3.5 to 5 |
| what is the normal range for sodium | 135 to 145 |
| what is the normal range for calcium | 8.5 to 10 |
| what is the normal range for glucose | 70 to 110 |
| what is the normal range for creatine | 0.6 to 1.2 |
| what is the normal range for BUN | 8-21 |
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KP1031
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