Chapter 1: The Cell: A Microcosm of Life
Quiz yourself by thinking what should be in
each of the black spaces below before clicking
on it to display the answer.
Help!
|
|
||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Cells | basic living, structural, and functional units of the body
🗑
|
||||
| Eukaryotic cells | have a defined nucleus
evolved from prokaryotic cells
🗑
|
||||
| ____ is a necessity in cells. | Specialization
🗑
|
||||
| 8 Components of Typical Cells | -plasma membrane
-cytoplasmic matrix
-mitochondrion
-nucleus
-endoplasmic reticulum
-golgi apparatus
-lysosomes
-peroxisomes
🗑
|
||||
| Plasma membrane is composed of these 2 structures | phospolipids
proteins
🗑
|
||||
| The plasma membrane has ____ and _____ type of layers | hydrophobic
hydrophilic
🗑
|
||||
| Phospholipids | combination of phosphoglycerideas & phosphingolipids
🗑
|
||||
| What gives the components of the plasma membrane their functions? | proteins
🗑
|
||||
| What is the geometry of the plasma membrane? | asymmetrical
🗑
|
||||
| What type of structures does the membrane contain? (ex. solid or not) | fluid
🗑
|
||||
| What makes the plasma membrane different from other membranes? | greater CHO and cholesterol content
🗑
|
||||
| In the plasma membrane, there is a ___ bilayer concenpt. | lipid
🗑
|
||||
| What is the glycocalyx? | it is the sugar coat on a cell that protects the cell and plasma membrane from bacteria
🗑
|
||||
| Glycoproteins | important integral membrane proteins in the lipid bilayer of the plasma membrane which plays a role in cell-cell interactions
🗑
|
||||
| 2 types of membrane proteins | integral
peripheral
🗑
|
||||
| Integral membrane proteins | in the lipid bilayer
🗑
|
||||
| Peripheral membrane proteins | through entire membrane and stick out
🗑
|
||||
| Cytoplasmic Matrix | cytoskeleton providing:
-locomotion
-transport
-structural support
🗑
|
||||
| 3 components of cytoskeleton | -microtubules
-microfilaments
-intermediate filaments
🗑
|
||||
| What is the fluid that surrounds the cytoplasmic matrix? | cytoplasm
🗑
|
||||
| Microtubules | provide mechanical support for the cell to determine its shape
🗑
|
||||
| Microfilaments | "assembled" or "disassembled" for cell locomotion, changes in cell shape, phagocytosis, etc
🗑
|
||||
| Intermediate filaments | provide mechanical strength to cells that go thru more stress such as neurons, muscle cells, and epitheial cells
🗑
|
||||
| Is there communication between cells in the cytoplasmic matrix? | yes, intracelluar
🗑
|
||||
| What does the cytoplasmic matrix transfer? | DNA/ RNA
🗑
|
||||
| Structural arrangement of the cytoplasmic matrix influences these metabolic pathways | glycolysis
hexose monophosphate shunt (pentose phosphate pathway)
glycogenesis and glycogenolysis
fatty acid sythesis
🗑
|
||||
| Fatty acid synthesis | production of nonessential, unsaturated fatty acids
🗑
|
||||
| Glycogenesis and glycogenolysis | glycogen syntheis and the breakdown f glycogen
🗑
|
||||
| Hexose monophosphate pathway | generates NADPH and pentoses
🗑
|
||||
| Glycolysis | metabolic pathway that converts glucose into pyruvate. The free energy released used to form ATP and NADH
🗑
|
||||
| Role of mitochondrion | energy production and oxygen use site
🗑
|
||||
| What surrounds the mitochondria? | double membrane called the mitochondrial membrane
🗑
|
||||
| Mitochondrial membrane (outer & inner) | outer: porous
inner: selectively permeable site of electron transport chain
🗑
|
||||
| Mitochondria try to increase their surface area why? | it increases the rate of reactions
🗑
|
||||
| Mitochrondrial matrix is the site of what? | TCA cycle
fatty oxidation synthesis
🗑
|
||||
| Mitochondrial matrix contains ____ so organelles can ____. | DNA;
divide
🗑
|
||||
| Mitochondrial DNA is _____ ONLY. | maternal
🗑
|
||||
| All cells have ____, except _____. | mitochondria;
erythrocytes (need glycolysis)
🗑
|
||||
| Mitochondria have what? | separate DNA so that they can create more or less of them based on needs of the cells
🗑
|
||||
| Nucleus | largest organelle
🗑
|
||||
| Nucleus is surrounded by? | nuclear envelope
🗑
|
||||
| Nucleus contains? | DNA
🗑
|
||||
| Cell genome | entire set of genetic information
🗑
|
||||
| Nucleoli | condensed chromatin
🗑
|
||||
| Nucleus is the site of? | DNA replication
🗑
|
||||
| In the nucleus, ____ synthesis occurs. | protein;
followed by transcription, translation, and elongation
🗑
|
||||
| Nucleus contains these acids | nucleic acids
🗑
|
||||
| Nucleus holds these 2 genetic materials that are important to chromosomes | DNA and RNA
🗑
|
||||
| Within the nucleus, macromolecules are formed from units of ____/_____. | nucleotides/bases
🗑
|
||||
| Which nucleotides/ bases are found in both DNA and RNA? | adenine, guanini, and cytocine (A, G, and C)
🗑
|
||||
| Which nucleotide/ base is found only in RNA? | uracil (U)
🗑
|
||||
| Which nucleotide/base is found only in DNA? | Thymine (T)
🗑
|
||||
| In DNA/ RNA, how do the nucleotides/ bases come together? | by complementary base pairing
🗑
|
||||
| What are the base pairings? | ex. g-C, A-U or T.
🗑
|
||||
| In the nucleus, cell replication occurs. What is this? | DNA unravels and nucleotides are added to each strand to make 2 sets
🗑
|
||||
| In the nucleus, cell transcription occurs. What is this? | mRNA created from sequence of one DNA strand (sense strand)
use of genes (codes for specific protein)
use of introns and exons
🗑
|
||||
| Genes | code for a specific protein
🗑
|
||||
| Introns | (transcription)
intervening sequences that help from proteins
🗑
|
||||
| Exons | no posttranscriptional processing
helps to form protein
🗑
|
||||
| There are parts of the DNA that aren't ____. | Coding
🗑
|
||||
| Describe the process of translation | -mRNA codes fro amino acid sequence to from protein
-mRNA is synthesized in nucleus, then moves to the RER
-codons assist in this process by coding for amino acids with the 3 base sequences
-tRNA brings amino acids to mRNA on ribosomes
🗑
|
||||
| Codons | 3-base sequences that code for amino acids
🗑
|
||||
| How do different characteristics of amino acids affect codons? | They form with the codons and perform different functions
🗑
|
||||
| After amino acids (AAs) are postioned, ____ bonds form between them. | peptide
🗑
|
||||
| Elogation | peptide bonds form in between the positioned amino acids.
🗑
|
||||
| Are all genes expressed in specialized cells of a given organ expressed? | no! only a few
🗑
|
||||
| "Nonsense" codon | signals end of protein (termination or stop codon)
🗑
|
||||
| Endoplasmic Reticulum | network of membranous channels used to communicate from innermost part of cell to exterior
🗑
|
||||
| What are the types of ER? | rough ER
smooth ER
sarcoplasmic retitulum
🗑
|
||||
| Rough ER | (studded with ribosomes)
protein syntheisis
🗑
|
||||
| Smooth ER | lipid synthesis
🗑
|
||||
| Sarcoplasmic reticulum | (in muscle)
calcium ion pump
🗑
|
||||
| Golgi Apparatus | protein trafficking and sorting
🗑
|
||||
| Golgi Apparatus is made up of? | 4-8 cisternae (stacks)
🗑
|
||||
| What type of networks are at either end of the golgi apparatus? | tubular;
cis and trans network
🗑
|
||||
| Cis-Golgi Network | entrance
🗑
|
||||
| Trans-Golgi network | exit
🗑
|
||||
| What is the Golgi Apparatus connected to? | ER by transport vesices
🗑
|
||||
| Lysosomes & Peroxisomes | enzyme-filled organelles
🗑
|
||||
| Lysosomes | cell's digestive system, it recycles parts of the cell that's not needed anymore
🗑
|
||||
| Peroxisomes | site of oxidative catabolic reactions (digestion)
🗑
|
||||
| Lysosome functions | phagocytosis
autolysis
bone resoption
hormone secretion and regualtion
🗑
|
||||
| Peroxisome functions | oxidize fatty acids to acetyl CoA
amino acid catabolism
detoxifying reactions
🗑
|
||||
| What are the 3 types of cellular proteins? | -receptors
-transport proteins
-enzymes
🗑
|
||||
| Receptors | (on the cell membrane)
modify cell's response to environment
🗑
|
||||
| Transport proteins | (through cell membrane)
regulate flow in and out of cells
🗑
|
||||
| Enzymes | catalysts (excite a reaction
🗑
|
||||
| Ligands | molecular stimuli that attach to receptors
🗑
|
||||
| Types of receptors | bind to ligand and convert it to internal signal
serve as ion channels
internalize stimulus intact
-various responses when bonded or internalized
🗑
|
||||
| Example of internal chemical signal | 3', 5' -cyclic AMP
🗑
|
||||
| Ion channel example | receptor for acetylcholine
🗑
|
||||
| Internalization stimulus example | insulin, triodothyronine
🗑
|
||||
| Transport proteins may act as ___ or ___. | carriers or pumps
🗑
|
||||
| Transport proteins may provide ____ through which _____ diffuse. | pores;
molecules
🗑
|
||||
| What is the most studied ion pump? | sodium
🗑
|
||||
| The sodium/ potassium pump provides how much energy to maintain ATPase? | 30-40%
🗑
|
||||
| Catalytic Proteins | (enzymes)
how it functions depends on protein and prosthetic group or coenzyme
-these also have specificity
🗑
|
||||
| Based on availability of substrate and free energy, most catalytic proteins are ____. | reversible
🗑
|
||||
| Regulation of catalytic proteins | -covalent modification through hormone stimulation
-modulation of allosteric enzymes
-enzyme induction
🗑
|
||||
| Allosteric | those with another site
🗑
|
||||
| Enzyme induction | changes in concentrations of inducible enzymes (down or up regulated at the transcriptional level)
🗑
|
||||
| Examples of enzyme types | -oxidoreductases
-transferases
-hydrolases
-lyases
-isomerases
-ligases
🗑
|
||||
| Oxidoreductases | (enzyme type)
reactions in which one compound is oxidized, another reduced (oxidation-reduction reaction)
🗑
|
||||
| Transferases | functional group transferred from one substrate to another
🗑
|
||||
| Hydrolases | hydrolysis of carbon bonds (breakdown of carbon molecules)
🗑
|
||||
| Lyases | cleavage of C-C, C-S. and C-N bonds (no hydrolysis/ O-R)
🗑
|
||||
| Isomerases | interconversion of optical or geometric isomers (glycolysis; interconverting sugars)
🗑
|
||||
| Ligases | catalyze formation of C and other bonds (O, S, N, others)
*protein synthesis makes new bonds
🗑
|
||||
| Clinical Applications of Cellular Enzymes -conditions for diagnostic suitability | -enzyme's degree of organ/tissue specificity
-steep concentration gradient of enzyme activity between cell and surroundings
-enzyme must function in cytoplasm
-enzyme must be stable
🗑
|
||||
| What happens when there is increased production of an enzyme? | -malignant disease
-results in tumor markers
🗑
|
||||
| Oncogenes | mutated genes that encode abnormal, mitosis-signaling proteins that cause unchecked cell division
🗑
|
||||
| Apoptosis | programmed cell death
🗑
|
||||
| What are potential mechanisms for apoptosis? | intracellular stimuli
-create DNA damage
-release of cytochrome c
extracellular stimuli
-tumor necrosis facotr family of hormones or agonists
oncosis (swelling of the cell
🗑
|
||||
| Apoptosis: intracellular stimuli | create DNA damage
🗑
|
||||
| Apoptosis: extracellular stimuli | tumor necrosis facotr family of hormones or agonists
🗑
|
||||
| Oncosis | cellular swelling
🗑
|
||||
| Why does Apoptosis occur? | To pthe spread of harmful effectsrevent
🗑
|
||||
| What is the major source of biological energy in cells? | ATP
🗑
|
||||
| ATP is needed for? | exertion
anabolism
active transport
transfer of genetic info
🗑
|
||||
| Active transport involves? | ion pumps
🗑
|
||||
| Where does biological energy come from? | chemical reactions
-macronutrients give energy
-transferred from one form to another
🗑
|
||||
| What are the units of energy used? | cal, kcal, J, kJ
🗑
|
||||
| What are the equivalents of calories to Joules and kilocalories to kiloJoules? | 1 cal= 4.18 J
1 kcal= 4.18 kJ
🗑
|
||||
| What type of broad chemical reactions are used to produce biological energy? | exothermic and endothermic
🗑
|
||||
| Activation Energy | energy to raise reactants to transition state
🗑
|
||||
| Can chemical reactions be reversed? | yes! most are reversible, but not all.
🗑
|
||||
| What role does high-energy phosphate have in cells? | provides energy storage
🗑
|
||||
| What do coupled reactions do? | help to transfer energy
(ex. phosphorylation)
🗑
|
||||
| Phosphorylation | adding phosphate to a reactions
🗑
|
||||
| What role do reduction potentials have? | standard reduction potential- tendency of compound to donate and recieve electrons
🗑
|
||||
| Where is energy used from? | from the bond
🗑
|
||||
| Nutrigenetics | detecting gene variants within an indiviual
🗑
|
||||
| Nutrigenomics | seeing how environmental factors have an effect on genes and their interactions to determine applications
🗑
|
||||
| Nutritional Epigenetics | study of changes in gene expression that do not inviolve changes in the nucleotide sequence or DNA
(ex. adding or subtracting a methyl group to see what happens to the DNA
🗑
|
Review the information in the table. When you are ready to quiz yourself you can hide individual columns or the entire table. Then you can click on the empty cells to reveal the answer. Try to recall what will be displayed before clicking the empty cell.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
To hide a column, click on the column name.
To hide the entire table, click on the "Hide All" button.
You may also shuffle the rows of the table by clicking on the "Shuffle" button.
Or sort by any of the columns using the down arrow next to any column heading.
If you know all the data on any row, you can temporarily remove it by tapping the trash can to the right of the row.
Embed Code - If you would like this activity on your web page, copy the script below and paste it into your web page.
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Normal Size Small Size show me how
Created by:
starryeyes213
Popular Science sets