Patho- CardioVasc
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| Where is the apex of the heart? | Bottom of the heart
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| Where is the base of the heart? | Top of the heart
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| What is the name of the covering of the heart? | Pericardium or pericardial sac
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| What is the function of the fibrous layer of the pericardium? | To protect the heart and to anchor the heart to the great vessels
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| What is the name of the serous membrane on the surface of the heart? | Visceral layer or epicardium
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| What is the function of the serous membrane of the pericardium? | Produces and maintains the serous fluid in the pericardial cavity
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| How much fluid is in the pericardial cavity? | 30-50 ml can be anything from 10-50
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| What is the name of the upper chambers of the heart? | Atria
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| What is the name of the lower chambers of the heart? | Ventricles
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| What divides the right and left chambers of the heart? | Atrial and ventricular septum
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| What is the function of the right side of the heart? | Pump blood into the pulmonary circulation
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| What is the function of the left side of the heart? | Pump blood into the systemic circulation
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| What is the name of the muscle of the heart? | Myocardium
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| Which side of the heart is thicker and why? | Left more work related to systemic circulation
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| Where are the atrioventricular valves located? | Between the atria and ventricles
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| What are the names of the right and left AV valves? | Tricuspid on the right and bicuspid or mitral on the left
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| What is the function of the AV valves? | Prevent blood return back into the atria
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| What is the name of the vessel exiting from the right ventricle? | The pulmonary trunk or pulmonary artery
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| What is the name of the vessel exiting from the left ventricle? | The aorta
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| What is the function of the aortic and pulmonary valves? | Prevent blood return into the ventricles
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| The right atrium receives blood from the? | Systemic circulation and the heart muscle (coronary circulation)
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| The coronary sinus returns blood from the? | Muscle of the heart (coronary circulation)
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| The left atrium receives blood from? | Pulmonary circulation via the pulmonary vein
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| The pulmonary veins carry? | Oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium
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| What are the chordae tendineae? | The chordae Tendineae attach the cusps of the AV valves to the papillary muscles.
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| What are the papillary muscles? | Extensions of the ventricular myocardium that attach to the chordae tendineae.
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| The pulmonary system is a _________pressure system. | Low
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| The systemic system is a __________ pressure system. | High
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| The venous system is a ____________pressure _____________ volume system. | Low pressure, High volume
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| The arterial system is a ______________pressure ___________ volume system. | High pressure, Low volume
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| Oxygen rich blood leaves the aorta and enters the two coronary arteries, the _______ ____ ________ arteries. | Left and right coronary
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| The right coronary artery branches off into the _____________________ | Posterior descending and marginal branches
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| The left coronary artery branches into the ________ artery and the ______________. | Circumflex and left anterior descending arteries
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| What is the epicardium? | Very thin serous layer covering the surface of the heart
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| What is the myocardium? | Muscle of the heart
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| What is the endocardium? | Internal lining of the heart
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| Do arteries or veins have thicker walls? | arteries
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| What is attached to the free-edges of the cusps of the tricuspid valve and mitral valves? | Chordae tendineae
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| The chordae tendineae attached to the myocardium at modified sites called __________muscle. | papillary
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| What prevents the cusps from moving into the atrium? | The CT/PM
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| What is valve prolapse? | Displacement of the valve into the atria
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| Which valve is most likely to prolapsed? | Mitral
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| Do the right and left ventricles normally pump the same volume of blood? | yes
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| What is an electrocardiogram? | A recording of the electrical activity of the heart
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| How many leads are normally used in a diagnostic ECG/EKG? | 12
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| Where is the sinoatrial node located? | Right atrial myocardium
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| What is the function of the SA node? | Pacemaker of the heart
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| What is a cardiac cycle? | One heart beat or one filling and ejection phase of the heart
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| What depolarizes after the SA node initiates an impulse? | Atrial myocardium
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| What results from atrial depolarization? | Atrial contraction (systole)
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| Where is the atrioventricular (AV) node located? | Inferior portion of the interatrial septum
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| When does the AV node depolarize? | Along with the last portion of the atrial myocardium
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| From the AV node list in sequence the structures that depolarize. | Bundle of His, Bundle branches, purkinje fibers ventricular myocardium
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| What is the result of the depolarization of the ventricular myocardium? | Ventricular systole
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| When does the P wave begin and what does it represent? | Begins with depolarization of the sa node and represents depolarization of the atrial myocardium
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| What does the QRS complex represent? | Depolarization of the ventricular myocardium
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| What does the T wave represent? | Ventricular repolarization
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| What is the P-R interval? | Time beginning with depolarization of the sa node to the beginning of ventricular depolarization
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| What is the Q-T interval? | Time from the beginning of ventricular depolarization through repolarization
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| What is the S-T segment? | Time when the ventricles are completely depolarized and early repolarization
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| What characterizes a normal sinus rhythm? | Three sequential waves P QRS T in their normal intervals and shapes with arrange of 60 to 100 bpm
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| The normal heart rate is ______ to _______beats per minute. On average that is __________BPM. | 60 to 100, 75
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| In the interval following the T wave and prior to the initiation of the next cardiac cycle that isoelectric period is called the ______________ period. | resting
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| Atrial depolarization , shown on the ECG by the ________ wave, results in ____ ________________ | P atrial contraction
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| The QRS complex represents the _____________ of the ventricles and results in ______________ _____________________ | Depolarization, Ventricular contraction
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| The pacemaker/SA node has the property of ________________, but the rate is impacted by the _________________. | Automaticity, ANS
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| The Bundle of His, the bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers have the property of _____________. | Conductivity
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| Cardiac arrhythmias are classified by ________________ and _________________. | Location and activity
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| The cardiac muscle has the property of _______________________. | Excitability
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| What is cardiac output? | Volume of blood ejected by each ventricle in one minute
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| How is cardiac output calculated? | Stroke volume X HR
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| What is stroke volume? | Volume of blood ejected by each ventricle by a single cardiac cycle or heart beat
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| How is stroke volume calculated? | Subtracting end systolic volume from end diastolic volume
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| What is end diastolic volume? | Volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of its relaxation and filling phase
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| What is end systolic volume? | The Volume of blood remaining in each ventricle at the end of its contraction phase
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| What 2 factors affect the end diastolic volume and how? | Filling time and venous return
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| The slower the heart rate the longer the filling time and the greater volume returns | Venous return is affected by blood pressure, vascular resistance, skeletal muscle pumping and heart rate
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| What is preload? | A measure of the volume filling the ventricles prior to contraction
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| According to ______________ law of the heart ____________ blood is ejected when the myocardium is stretched. | Starling more
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| What is contractility? | The intrinsic ability of the heart muscle to squeeze
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| What are 3 factors that affect contractility? | SNS, hormones (epinephrine), electrolyte balance
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| What is afterload? | The tension the ventricles must produce to overcome the resistance in the vessels
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| What determines afterload? | The amount of resistance in the vessels
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| The greater the pressure in the exiting vessels of the ventricles, the ____________the afterload. | higher
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| What is the primary factor that influences afterload? | Increased resistance of circulation
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| Heart rate is primarily controlled by the ____________________________________ | The ANS
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| What is the function of the Parasympathetic nervous system? | Decrease blood pressure and heart rate
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| What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system? | Increase blood pressure and heart rate
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| The parasympathetic system innervates the heart via the _______________________________. | Vagus
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| What impacts the chemoreceptors? | Oxygen and CO2 (hypoxia and hypercapnea)
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| What impacts the baroreceptors? | Pressure
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| What impacts the stretch receptors? | Stretch on the ventricles
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| In addition to the ANS, other factors that influence heart rate are______________________ | Hormone levels (epi, thryoxine etc) and electrolyte balance
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| What is the RAAS? | Renin angiotensin aldosterone system
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| How does the RAAS influence blood pressure and perfusion? | Vasoconstriction, salt and water retention
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| What are the 4 compensatory mechanisms of the body? | Starling law, RAAS, SNS, ventricular hypertrophy
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| Bradycardia is________________________ | Heart rate less than 60
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| Tachycardia is________________________ | Heart rate great than 100
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| What is laminar flow? | Smooth layered flow in the vessels
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| What is turbulent flow? | Chaotic flow in the vessels causing more friction
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| What electrolytes affect the action potentials? | Ca, K, Na
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| What is systole? | Ventricular contraction
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| What is diastole? | Ventricular filling
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| __________ is the measure of preload. | CVP
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| Ejection fraction is______________________. | % of blood ejected with each cardiac cycle
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| Mean arterial pressure is__________________, and is calculated by______________________________. | The “average” pressure in the systemic arterial system, SBP + 2(DBP)/3
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| Autoregulation is_________________________. | Intrinsic ability of the organs of the body to regulate blood flow
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| Which organs have the best autoregulation? Which the least? | Brain
skin
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| What is the name of the central region of the thorax? | Mediastinum
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