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Patho- CardioVasc
| Questions | Answers |
|---|---|
| Where is the apex of the heart? | Bottom of the heart |
| Where is the base of the heart? | Top of the heart |
| What is the name of the covering of the heart? | Pericardium or pericardial sac |
| What is the function of the fibrous layer of the pericardium? | To protect the heart and to anchor the heart to the great vessels |
| What is the name of the serous membrane on the surface of the heart? | Visceral layer or epicardium |
| What is the function of the serous membrane of the pericardium? | Produces and maintains the serous fluid in the pericardial cavity |
| How much fluid is in the pericardial cavity? | 30-50 ml can be anything from 10-50 |
| What is the name of the upper chambers of the heart? | Atria |
| What is the name of the lower chambers of the heart? | Ventricles |
| What divides the right and left chambers of the heart? | Atrial and ventricular septum |
| What is the function of the right side of the heart? | Pump blood into the pulmonary circulation |
| What is the function of the left side of the heart? | Pump blood into the systemic circulation |
| What is the name of the muscle of the heart? | Myocardium |
| Which side of the heart is thicker and why? | Left more work related to systemic circulation |
| Where are the atrioventricular valves located? | Between the atria and ventricles |
| What are the names of the right and left AV valves? | Tricuspid on the right and bicuspid or mitral on the left |
| What is the function of the AV valves? | Prevent blood return back into the atria |
| What is the name of the vessel exiting from the right ventricle? | The pulmonary trunk or pulmonary artery |
| What is the name of the vessel exiting from the left ventricle? | The aorta |
| What is the function of the aortic and pulmonary valves? | Prevent blood return into the ventricles |
| The right atrium receives blood from the? | Systemic circulation and the heart muscle (coronary circulation) |
| The coronary sinus returns blood from the? | Muscle of the heart (coronary circulation) |
| The left atrium receives blood from? | Pulmonary circulation via the pulmonary vein |
| The pulmonary veins carry? | Oxygen rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium |
| What are the chordae tendineae? | The chordae Tendineae attach the cusps of the AV valves to the papillary muscles. |
| What are the papillary muscles? | Extensions of the ventricular myocardium that attach to the chordae tendineae. |
| The pulmonary system is a _________pressure system. | Low |
| The systemic system is a __________ pressure system. | High |
| The venous system is a ____________pressure _____________ volume system. | Low pressure, High volume |
| The arterial system is a ______________pressure ___________ volume system. | High pressure, Low volume |
| Oxygen rich blood leaves the aorta and enters the two coronary arteries, the _______ ____ ________ arteries. | Left and right coronary |
| The right coronary artery branches off into the _____________________ | Posterior descending and marginal branches |
| The left coronary artery branches into the ________ artery and the ______________. | Circumflex and left anterior descending arteries |
| What is the epicardium? | Very thin serous layer covering the surface of the heart |
| What is the myocardium? | Muscle of the heart |
| What is the endocardium? | Internal lining of the heart |
| Do arteries or veins have thicker walls? | arteries |
| What is attached to the free-edges of the cusps of the tricuspid valve and mitral valves? | Chordae tendineae |
| The chordae tendineae attached to the myocardium at modified sites called __________muscle. | papillary |
| What prevents the cusps from moving into the atrium? | The CT/PM |
| What is valve prolapse? | Displacement of the valve into the atria |
| Which valve is most likely to prolapsed? | Mitral |
| Do the right and left ventricles normally pump the same volume of blood? | yes |
| What is an electrocardiogram? | A recording of the electrical activity of the heart |
| How many leads are normally used in a diagnostic ECG/EKG? | 12 |
| Where is the sinoatrial node located? | Right atrial myocardium |
| What is the function of the SA node? | Pacemaker of the heart |
| What is a cardiac cycle? | One heart beat or one filling and ejection phase of the heart |
| What depolarizes after the SA node initiates an impulse? | Atrial myocardium |
| What results from atrial depolarization? | Atrial contraction (systole) |
| Where is the atrioventricular (AV) node located? | Inferior portion of the interatrial septum |
| When does the AV node depolarize? | Along with the last portion of the atrial myocardium |
| From the AV node list in sequence the structures that depolarize. | Bundle of His, Bundle branches, purkinje fibers ventricular myocardium |
| What is the result of the depolarization of the ventricular myocardium? | Ventricular systole |
| When does the P wave begin and what does it represent? | Begins with depolarization of the sa node and represents depolarization of the atrial myocardium |
| What does the QRS complex represent? | Depolarization of the ventricular myocardium |
| What does the T wave represent? | Ventricular repolarization |
| What is the P-R interval? | Time beginning with depolarization of the sa node to the beginning of ventricular depolarization |
| What is the Q-T interval? | Time from the beginning of ventricular depolarization through repolarization |
| What is the S-T segment? | Time when the ventricles are completely depolarized and early repolarization |
| What characterizes a normal sinus rhythm? | Three sequential waves P QRS T in their normal intervals and shapes with arrange of 60 to 100 bpm |
| The normal heart rate is ______ to _______beats per minute. On average that is __________BPM. | 60 to 100, 75 |
| In the interval following the T wave and prior to the initiation of the next cardiac cycle that isoelectric period is called the ______________ period. | resting |
| Atrial depolarization , shown on the ECG by the ________ wave, results in ____ ________________ | P atrial contraction |
| The QRS complex represents the _____________ of the ventricles and results in ______________ _____________________ | Depolarization, Ventricular contraction |
| The pacemaker/SA node has the property of ________________, but the rate is impacted by the _________________. | Automaticity, ANS |
| The Bundle of His, the bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers have the property of _____________. | Conductivity |
| Cardiac arrhythmias are classified by ________________ and _________________. | Location and activity |
| The cardiac muscle has the property of _______________________. | Excitability |
| What is cardiac output? | Volume of blood ejected by each ventricle in one minute |
| How is cardiac output calculated? | Stroke volume X HR |
| What is stroke volume? | Volume of blood ejected by each ventricle by a single cardiac cycle or heart beat |
| How is stroke volume calculated? | Subtracting end systolic volume from end diastolic volume |
| What is end diastolic volume? | Volume of blood in each ventricle at the end of its relaxation and filling phase |
| What is end systolic volume? | The Volume of blood remaining in each ventricle at the end of its contraction phase |
| What 2 factors affect the end diastolic volume and how? | Filling time and venous return |
| The slower the heart rate the longer the filling time and the greater volume returns | Venous return is affected by blood pressure, vascular resistance, skeletal muscle pumping and heart rate |
| What is preload? | A measure of the volume filling the ventricles prior to contraction |
| According to ______________ law of the heart ____________ blood is ejected when the myocardium is stretched. | Starling more |
| What is contractility? | The intrinsic ability of the heart muscle to squeeze |
| What are 3 factors that affect contractility? | SNS, hormones (epinephrine), electrolyte balance |
| What is afterload? | The tension the ventricles must produce to overcome the resistance in the vessels |
| What determines afterload? | The amount of resistance in the vessels |
| The greater the pressure in the exiting vessels of the ventricles, the ____________the afterload. | higher |
| What is the primary factor that influences afterload? | Increased resistance of circulation |
| Heart rate is primarily controlled by the ____________________________________ | The ANS |
| What is the function of the Parasympathetic nervous system? | Decrease blood pressure and heart rate |
| What is the function of the sympathetic nervous system? | Increase blood pressure and heart rate |
| The parasympathetic system innervates the heart via the _______________________________. | Vagus |
| What impacts the chemoreceptors? | Oxygen and CO2 (hypoxia and hypercapnea) |
| What impacts the baroreceptors? | Pressure |
| What impacts the stretch receptors? | Stretch on the ventricles |
| In addition to the ANS, other factors that influence heart rate are______________________ | Hormone levels (epi, thryoxine etc) and electrolyte balance |
| What is the RAAS? | Renin angiotensin aldosterone system |
| How does the RAAS influence blood pressure and perfusion? | Vasoconstriction, salt and water retention |
| What are the 4 compensatory mechanisms of the body? | Starling law, RAAS, SNS, ventricular hypertrophy |
| Bradycardia is________________________ | Heart rate less than 60 |
| Tachycardia is________________________ | Heart rate great than 100 |
| What is laminar flow? | Smooth layered flow in the vessels |
| What is turbulent flow? | Chaotic flow in the vessels causing more friction |
| What electrolytes affect the action potentials? | Ca, K, Na |
| What is systole? | Ventricular contraction |
| What is diastole? | Ventricular filling |
| __________ is the measure of preload. | CVP |
| Ejection fraction is______________________. | % of blood ejected with each cardiac cycle |
| Mean arterial pressure is__________________, and is calculated by______________________________. | The “average” pressure in the systemic arterial system, SBP + 2(DBP)/3 |
| Autoregulation is_________________________. | Intrinsic ability of the organs of the body to regulate blood flow |
| Which organs have the best autoregulation? Which the least? | Brain skin |
| What is the name of the central region of the thorax? | Mediastinum |
Created by:
tbauer20
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