| Question | Answer |
| 1. What portion of the nervous system does the neural tube form?
2. What portion of the nervous system do the neural crest cells form? | 1. CNS, lower motor neurons, preganglionic neurons
2. sensory and postganglionic neurons |
| Neurulation begins in week __ of development. | week 3 |
| What is the function of the notochord? | induces the overlying ectoderm to form the neural plate (neural plate then gives rise to the neural tube and neural crest cells) |
| Divides the neural tube into a ventral and dorsal area? | sulcus limitans |
| Neural tissue of the
1. telencephalon
2. diencephalon
3. mesencephalon
4. metencephalon
5. myelencephalon | 1. cerebral hemispheres
2. thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary
3. midbrain
4. pons, cerebellum
5. medulla |
| Ventricles of the
1. telencephalon
2. diencephalon
3. mesencephalon
4. metencephalon
5. myelencephalon | 1. lateral
2. third ventricle
3. cerebral aqueduct
4. fourth ventricle
5. central canal |
| 1. failure of the rostral neuropore to close causes
2. failure of the caudal neuropore to close causes | 1. anencephaly
2. spina bifida |
| The right ventricle of the heart is formed primarily from which embryonic structure? | Bulbus Cordis |
| The folding of the heart tube takes place during which week of development? | 4th week |
| What week of development does the cardiovascular system start to develop? | 3rd week |
| Dextrocardia | abnormal condition where the heart is located toward the right side of the chest |
| Situs inversus | condition where all organs are mirror image of normal; usually asymptomatic (related to Kartagener's syndrome) |
| Extend from the dosal and ventral heart wall to create the atriovetnricular canals. | endocardial cushions |
| Separates the aorta and pulmonary arteries. | aorticopulmonary septum (neural crest cells form) |
| What happens to the following structures after birth?
1. Umbilical Veins
2. Ductus Venosus
3. Ductus arteriosus
4. Umbilical artery | 1. Ligamentum teres
2. Ligamentum venosus
3. ligamentum arteriosum
4. medial umbulical ligaments |
| What are the malformation of the tetrology of fallot? | 1. overriding aorta
2. pulmonary stenosis
3. ventricular septal defect
4. hypertrophy of the right ventricle |
| Where do the following ASDs occur in the atria?
1. Ostium Primum
2. Ostium Secundum
3. Sinus Venosus | 1. bottom
2. middle
3. top |
| Identify the origin of the major heart input/outputs:
1. Inferior vena cava
2. superior vena cava
3. coronary sinus
4. aorta
5. pulmonary arteries | 1. right vitelline
2. right cardinal
3. left horn of the sinus venosus
4. anterior truncus arteriosus then 4th aortic arch
5. posterior truncus arteriosus then 6th aortic arch |
| Before birth, is pulmonary or systemic circulation under higher pressure? Why? | pulmonary because of hypoxic vasoconstriction which increases resistance and thus pressure |
| What forms to separate the trachea from the esophagus? | tracheoesophageal ridges grow together to form a septum |
| Which pharyngeal branches make the larynx? | 4 and 6 |
| What is the blood supply to the:
1. Foregut
2. Midgut
3. Hindgut | 1. celiac artery
2. superior mesenteric artery
3. inferior mesenteric artery |
| 1. Dorsal bud of the pancreas comes from which structure?
2. Which portion of the pancreas does it develop into? | 1. duodenum
2. tail and body |
| 1. Ventral bud of the pancreas comes from which structure?
2. Which portion of the pancreas does it develop into? | 1. gallbladder
2. head & uncinate process |
| 1. Accessory pancreatic duct is made from which pancreatic bud?
2. Main pancreatic duct is made form which pancreatic bud? | 1. dorsal
2. some dorsal but mostly ventral |
| What does the gallbladder grow out of? | bile duct |
| 1. In what week of development do the intestines begin to herniate?
2. Which week do they return? | 1. 6th
2. 10th |
| What is the vitelline duct? | tube that joins the yolk sac to the midgut lumen of the fetus (may persist as a Meckel's diverticulum) |
| What two hormones are secreted by the fetal testis that contribute to male differentiation? Which cells of the testis secrete them? | 1. Mullerian inhibiting substance - Sertoli cells
2. Testosterone - Leydig cells |
| Which hormone is responsible for:
1. Male internal genitalia development
2. Male external genitalia development | 1. testosterone
2. DHT |
| What is the pathway for germ cell movement during the 6th week of development? | migrate from yolk sac up the hindgut and into the genital ridge |
| Determine which layer of the testes joins with the following structures
1. external oblique
2. internal oblique
3. transverse abdominis
4. transversalis fascia
5. parietal peritoneum | 1. external spermatic fascia
2. cremaster muscle
3. nothing
4. internal spermatic fascia
5. tunica vaginalis |
| What do the structures develop into in a male:
1. genital tubercle
2. urogenital folds
3. labioscrotal swellings | 1. penis, glans penis, corpora spongiosum and cavernosa
2. ventral aspect of penis
3. scrotum |
| What do the structures develop into in a female:
1. genital tubercle
2. urogenital folds
3. labioscrotal swellings | 1. clitoris, glans clitoris
2. labia minora
3. labia majora |
| What are the two divisions of the blastocyst? What do these divisions give rise to? | 1. trophoblast -- placenta
2. embryoblast -- embryo |
| At week 2, the trophoblast develops into what two layers? | cytotrophoblast and syncitiotrophoblast |
| Which cell layers does the following form into:
1. epiblast
2. hypoblast | 1. ectoderm and mesoderm
2. endoderm |
| What is the process of estrogen production by the fetoplacental unit (starting with cholesterol)? | 1. cholesterol is taken up by the placenta from maternal blood and converted to DHEA by the fetal adrenal gland
2. DHEA is converted to estrogen by the placenta |
| Paramesonephric duct develops into | female fallopian tube, cervix, upper vagina |
| 1. At which fetal stage does implantation occur?
2. How many cells make up this stage? | 1. blastocyst
2. 100+ cells |
| How do the following teratogens effect the fetus?
1. DES
2. folate antagonists
3. lithium | 1. vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma
2. neural tube defects
3. Enstein's anomaly (atrialized right ventricle) |
| How do dizygotic and monozygotic twins differ in the number of:
1. amniotic sacs
2. chorions
3. placentas | 1. both have 2 amniotic sacs
2. dizygotic have 2 chorion while monozygotic share a chorion
3. both have 2 placentas |
| 1. inner layer of the chorionic villi that makes cells
2. outer layer of the chorionic villi that secrets βhCG | 1. cytotrophoblast
2. syncytiotrophoblast |
| Duct between the bladder and yolk sac | urachus |
| What are the sites of fetal erythropoiesis in order: | 1. yolk sac
2. liver
3. spleen
4. bone marrow |
| Which fetal shunt bypasses hepatic circulation. | ductus venosus |
| Remnant of the umbilical vein | Ligamentum teres |
| Remnant of the ductus arteriosus | Ligamentum arteriosum |
| Cerebellar tonsil herniation through foramen magnum | Chiari II |
| Large posterior fossa with absent cerebellar vermis | Dandy-Walker |
| What do the following aortic arch derivatives form into:
1. 3rd
2. 4th
3. 6th | 1. carotid arteries
2. left aortic arch, right subclavian
3. proximal pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus |
| Which germ layer makes up:
1. brachial cleft
2. brachial arch
3. brachial pouch | CAP covers outside from inside
1. Clefts = ectoderm
2. Arches = mesoderm
3. Pouches = endoderm |
| Which muscle and nerve correspond to the brancial arch derivatives:
1
2
3
4
6 | 1. muscles of mastication; trigeminal
2. muscles of facial expression; facial nerve
3. stylo-pharyngeus; glosso-pharyngeal nerve
4. pharynx muscles, vagus
6. larynx muscles, vagus |
| Which branchial pouches develop into the parathyroid glands. | 1. 3rd pouch develops into the inferior parathyroid glands
2. 4th pouch develops into the superior parathyroids |
| Which branchial pouches develop into the thymus | 3rd |
| remnant of the thyroglossal duct | foramen cecum |
| 1. failed fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal processes
2. failed fusion of lateral palatine processes/nasal septum | 1. cleft lip
2. cleft palate |
| What structures comprise the:
1. foregut
2. midgut
3. hindgut | 1. pharynx to proximal duodenum
2. distal duodenum to transverse colon
3. transverse colon to upper rectum |
| Midgut rotates around which artery on its return to the abdominal cavity. | superior mesenteric artery |
| Pancreas divisum | ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds fail to fuse; pancreas drains by two ducts |
| Which pancreatic bud contributes the majority of the pancreatic tissue? | dorsal pancreatic bud |
| Which organ arises from mesentery but is supplied by a foregut artery (celiac) | spleen |
| 1. first stage of kidney development that degenerates
2. stage of kidney that contributes to the male genital system
3. permanent stage of kidney development | 1. pronephros
2. mesonephros
3. metanephros |
| Portion of the metanephros that gives rise to structures from the 1. collecting duct to the ureter
2. glomerulus to collecting tubule | 1. ureteric bud
2. metanephric mesenchym |
| Most common site of obstruction leading to hydronephrosis in fetus | ureteropelvic junction - last to canalize |
| Horshoe kidneys get trapped under which artery? | inferior mesenteric artery |
| What causes a bicornuate uterus? | incomplete fusion of the paramesonephric ducts |
| pulls testes down to the scrotum | gubernaculum |
| 1. Failure of urethral folds to close
2. faulty positioning of genital tubercle | 1. hypospadias
2. epispadias |
