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Embryology
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| 1. What portion of the nervous system does the neural tube form? 2. What portion of the nervous system do the neural crest cells form? | 1. CNS, lower motor neurons, preganglionic neurons 2. sensory and postganglionic neurons |
| Neurulation begins in week __ of development. | week 3 |
| What is the function of the notochord? | induces the overlying ectoderm to form the neural plate (neural plate then gives rise to the neural tube and neural crest cells) |
| Divides the neural tube into a ventral and dorsal area? | sulcus limitans |
| Neural tissue of the 1. telencephalon 2. diencephalon 3. mesencephalon 4. metencephalon 5. myelencephalon | 1. cerebral hemispheres 2. thalamus, hypothalamus, pituitary 3. midbrain 4. pons, cerebellum 5. medulla |
| Ventricles of the 1. telencephalon 2. diencephalon 3. mesencephalon 4. metencephalon 5. myelencephalon | 1. lateral 2. third ventricle 3. cerebral aqueduct 4. fourth ventricle 5. central canal |
| 1. failure of the rostral neuropore to close causes 2. failure of the caudal neuropore to close causes | 1. anencephaly 2. spina bifida |
| The right ventricle of the heart is formed primarily from which embryonic structure? | Bulbus Cordis |
| The folding of the heart tube takes place during which week of development? | 4th week |
| What week of development does the cardiovascular system start to develop? | 3rd week |
| Dextrocardia | abnormal condition where the heart is located toward the right side of the chest |
| Situs inversus | condition where all organs are mirror image of normal; usually asymptomatic (related to Kartagener's syndrome) |
| Extend from the dosal and ventral heart wall to create the atriovetnricular canals. | endocardial cushions |
| Separates the aorta and pulmonary arteries. | aorticopulmonary septum (neural crest cells form) |
| What happens to the following structures after birth? 1. Umbilical Veins 2. Ductus Venosus 3. Ductus arteriosus 4. Umbilical artery | 1. Ligamentum teres 2. Ligamentum venosus 3. ligamentum arteriosum 4. medial umbulical ligaments |
| What are the malformation of the tetrology of fallot? | 1. overriding aorta 2. pulmonary stenosis 3. ventricular septal defect 4. hypertrophy of the right ventricle |
| Where do the following ASDs occur in the atria? 1. Ostium Primum 2. Ostium Secundum 3. Sinus Venosus | 1. bottom 2. middle 3. top |
| Identify the origin of the major heart input/outputs: 1. Inferior vena cava 2. superior vena cava 3. coronary sinus 4. aorta 5. pulmonary arteries | 1. right vitelline 2. right cardinal 3. left horn of the sinus venosus 4. anterior truncus arteriosus then 4th aortic arch 5. posterior truncus arteriosus then 6th aortic arch |
| Before birth, is pulmonary or systemic circulation under higher pressure? Why? | pulmonary because of hypoxic vasoconstriction which increases resistance and thus pressure |
| What forms to separate the trachea from the esophagus? | tracheoesophageal ridges grow together to form a septum |
| Which pharyngeal branches make the larynx? | 4 and 6 |
| What is the blood supply to the: 1. Foregut 2. Midgut 3. Hindgut | 1. celiac artery 2. superior mesenteric artery 3. inferior mesenteric artery |
| 1. Dorsal bud of the pancreas comes from which structure? 2. Which portion of the pancreas does it develop into? | 1. duodenum 2. tail and body |
| 1. Ventral bud of the pancreas comes from which structure? 2. Which portion of the pancreas does it develop into? | 1. gallbladder 2. head & uncinate process |
| 1. Accessory pancreatic duct is made from which pancreatic bud? 2. Main pancreatic duct is made form which pancreatic bud? | 1. dorsal 2. some dorsal but mostly ventral |
| What does the gallbladder grow out of? | bile duct |
| 1. In what week of development do the intestines begin to herniate? 2. Which week do they return? | 1. 6th 2. 10th |
| What is the vitelline duct? | tube that joins the yolk sac to the midgut lumen of the fetus (may persist as a Meckel's diverticulum) |
| What two hormones are secreted by the fetal testis that contribute to male differentiation? Which cells of the testis secrete them? | 1. Mullerian inhibiting substance - Sertoli cells 2. Testosterone - Leydig cells |
| Which hormone is responsible for: 1. Male internal genitalia development 2. Male external genitalia development | 1. testosterone 2. DHT |
| What is the pathway for germ cell movement during the 6th week of development? | migrate from yolk sac up the hindgut and into the genital ridge |
| Determine which layer of the testes joins with the following structures 1. external oblique 2. internal oblique 3. transverse abdominis 4. transversalis fascia 5. parietal peritoneum | 1. external spermatic fascia 2. cremaster muscle 3. nothing 4. internal spermatic fascia 5. tunica vaginalis |
| What do the structures develop into in a male: 1. genital tubercle 2. urogenital folds 3. labioscrotal swellings | 1. penis, glans penis, corpora spongiosum and cavernosa 2. ventral aspect of penis 3. scrotum |
| What do the structures develop into in a female: 1. genital tubercle 2. urogenital folds 3. labioscrotal swellings | 1. clitoris, glans clitoris 2. labia minora 3. labia majora |
| What are the two divisions of the blastocyst? What do these divisions give rise to? | 1. trophoblast -- placenta 2. embryoblast -- embryo |
| At week 2, the trophoblast develops into what two layers? | cytotrophoblast and syncitiotrophoblast |
| Which cell layers does the following form into: 1. epiblast 2. hypoblast | 1. ectoderm and mesoderm 2. endoderm |
| What is the process of estrogen production by the fetoplacental unit (starting with cholesterol)? | 1. cholesterol is taken up by the placenta from maternal blood and converted to DHEA by the fetal adrenal gland 2. DHEA is converted to estrogen by the placenta |
| Paramesonephric duct develops into | female fallopian tube, cervix, upper vagina |
| 1. At which fetal stage does implantation occur? 2. How many cells make up this stage? | 1. blastocyst 2. 100+ cells |
| How do the following teratogens effect the fetus? 1. DES 2. folate antagonists 3. lithium | 1. vaginal clear cell adenocarcinoma 2. neural tube defects 3. Enstein's anomaly (atrialized right ventricle) |
| How do dizygotic and monozygotic twins differ in the number of: 1. amniotic sacs 2. chorions 3. placentas | 1. both have 2 amniotic sacs 2. dizygotic have 2 chorion while monozygotic share a chorion 3. both have 2 placentas |
| 1. inner layer of the chorionic villi that makes cells 2. outer layer of the chorionic villi that secrets βhCG | 1. cytotrophoblast 2. syncytiotrophoblast |
| Duct between the bladder and yolk sac | urachus |
| What are the sites of fetal erythropoiesis in order: | 1. yolk sac 2. liver 3. spleen 4. bone marrow |
| Which fetal shunt bypasses hepatic circulation. | ductus venosus |
| Remnant of the umbilical vein | Ligamentum teres |
| Remnant of the ductus arteriosus | Ligamentum arteriosum |
| Cerebellar tonsil herniation through foramen magnum | Chiari II |
| Large posterior fossa with absent cerebellar vermis | Dandy-Walker |
| What do the following aortic arch derivatives form into: 1. 3rd 2. 4th 3. 6th | 1. carotid arteries 2. left aortic arch, right subclavian 3. proximal pulmonary arteries and ductus arteriosus |
| Which germ layer makes up: 1. brachial cleft 2. brachial arch 3. brachial pouch | CAP covers outside from inside 1. Clefts = ectoderm 2. Arches = mesoderm 3. Pouches = endoderm |
| Which muscle and nerve correspond to the brancial arch derivatives: 1 2 3 4 6 | 1. muscles of mastication; trigeminal 2. muscles of facial expression; facial nerve 3. stylo-pharyngeus; glosso-pharyngeal nerve 4. pharynx muscles, vagus 6. larynx muscles, vagus |
| Which branchial pouches develop into the parathyroid glands. | 1. 3rd pouch develops into the inferior parathyroid glands 2. 4th pouch develops into the superior parathyroids |
| Which branchial pouches develop into the thymus | 3rd |
| remnant of the thyroglossal duct | foramen cecum |
| 1. failed fusion of the maxillary and medial nasal processes 2. failed fusion of lateral palatine processes/nasal septum | 1. cleft lip 2. cleft palate |
| What structures comprise the: 1. foregut 2. midgut 3. hindgut | 1. pharynx to proximal duodenum 2. distal duodenum to transverse colon 3. transverse colon to upper rectum |
| Midgut rotates around which artery on its return to the abdominal cavity. | superior mesenteric artery |
| Pancreas divisum | ventral and dorsal pancreatic buds fail to fuse; pancreas drains by two ducts |
| Which pancreatic bud contributes the majority of the pancreatic tissue? | dorsal pancreatic bud |
| Which organ arises from mesentery but is supplied by a foregut artery (celiac) | spleen |
| 1. first stage of kidney development that degenerates 2. stage of kidney that contributes to the male genital system 3. permanent stage of kidney development | 1. pronephros 2. mesonephros 3. metanephros |
| Portion of the metanephros that gives rise to structures from the 1. collecting duct to the ureter 2. glomerulus to collecting tubule | 1. ureteric bud 2. metanephric mesenchym |
| Most common site of obstruction leading to hydronephrosis in fetus | ureteropelvic junction - last to canalize |
| Horshoe kidneys get trapped under which artery? | inferior mesenteric artery |
| What causes a bicornuate uterus? | incomplete fusion of the paramesonephric ducts |
| pulls testes down to the scrotum | gubernaculum |
| 1. Failure of urethral folds to close 2. faulty positioning of genital tubercle | 1. hypospadias 2. epispadias |
Created by:
amichael87
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