| Question | Answer |
| REEDA | Acronym for redness, ecchymosis, edema, discharge, and approximation. Useful for assessing wound healing or the presence of inflammation or infection. |
| Thrombus | Collection of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin, that may cause vascular obstruction. |
| Periodic breathing | Cessation of breathing lasting 5 to 10 seconds followed by 10 to 15 seconds of rapid respirations without changes in color or heart rate. |
| Pavlik harness | 1-6month hips in position of flexion and abduction |
| Thermoregulation | Maintenance of body temperature. |
| Apneic spells | Cessation of breathing for more than 20 seconds, or accompanied by cyanosis or bradycardia. |
| Preterm infant | An infant born before the beginning of the 38th week of gestation. Also called premature infant. |
| IUGR | growth retardation- not growing properly |
| Post term | >42 weeks |
| Subinvolution | Slower than expected return of the uterus to its nonpregnancy size after childbirth. |
| Hindmilk | Breast milk received near the end of a feeding; contains higher fat content than foremilk. |
| Poor control of body temp | lack brown fat, lg surface area, lose excessive heat, immature theroregulatory center, inable to shiver, inactive, high metabolic rate |
| Grasping reflex | newborn grasps and holds the object or finger firmly. When newborns palm is stimulated. (lessens at 3 to 4 months) |
| Preterm Physical Characteristics | thin and transparent skin, blood vessel are visible, lanugo (fine hair) covers the shoulders, arms and forehead, a lot of vernix caseosa. few creases on soles of the feet |
| Polycythemia | Abnormally high number of erythrocytes. |
| Dilation and curettage (D&C) | Stretching of the cervical os to permit suctioning or scraping of the walls of the uterus. The procedure is performed to obtain samples of uterine lining tissue for laboratory examination, during the postpartum period to remove retained placental fragment |
| Nevus flammeus | Permanent purple birthmark; also called portwine stain. |
| Strabismus | A turning inward ("crossing") or outward of the eyes caused by poor tone in the muscles that control eye movement. |
| Periventricular-intraventricular hemorrhage | Bleeding around and into the ventricles of the brain. |
| Macrosomia | Infant birth weight above the 90th percentile for gestational age. Some sources use weight more than 4000 g (8 lb, 13 oz) or 4500 g (9 lb, 15 oz). |
| Lochia serosa | Pink or brown-tinged vaginal discharge that follows lochia rubra; composed largely of serous exudate, blood, and leukocytes. |
| Jaundice | Yellow discoloration of the skin and sclera caused by excessive bilirubin in the blood. |
| Choanal atresia | Abnormality of the nasal septum that obstructs one or both nasal passages. |
| hyperbilirubenemia | jaundice with hemolytic disease |
| Meningocele | contains a portion of membranes and CSF pocket/membrane protruding out, lump on back |
| Babinski reflex | fanning and hyperextension of all the toes; when the bottom of the foot is stroked from the heel upward across the ball of the foot. |
| Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) | An acute inflammation of the bowel that leads to necrosis-due to hypoxia and decreased blood supply to the bowel. |
| Retinopathy of prematurity | Condition in which damage to blood vessels in the retina may cause decreased vision or blindness. |
| S &S of hydrocephalus | Increased head size, shiny scalp, veins dialted. sunset eyes (sclera seen above iris/pupils) shrill, high pitched cry, convulsions. |
| Minimal enteral nutrition | Very small feedings designed to help the gastrointestinal tract mature. Also called trophic feedings. |
| Galactosemia effects if untreated | cataracts, mental retardation and cirrhosis of the liver |
| Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) rerolental fibroplasia) | eye matures at 34 weeks. Can cause retinal detachment--caused by high blood levels of 02. |
| Preterm | <38 weeks |
| hydrocephalus | Increase of cerebrospinal fluid with the ventricles of the brain, causes increased ICP and increased head size. |
| Hyperbilirubinemia | Excessive amount of bilirubin in the blood. |
| PT-Immature kidneys | prone to dehydration and edema, electrolyte imbalance. |
| Engrossment | Intense fascination and close face-to-face observation between father and newborn. |
| Compliance | Stretchability or elasticity of the lungs and thorax that allows distention without resistance during respirations. |
| Afterpains | Cramping pain after childbirth, caused by alternating relaxation and contraction of uterine muscles. |
| Ortolani's sign | abducting the thighs and applying gentle pressure forward over the greater trochanter produces a 'clunk" |
| Asphyxia | Insufficient oxygen and excess carbon dioxide in the blood and tissues. |
| Let-down reflex | See milk-ejection reflex. |
| Dyspareunia | Difficult or painful coitus in women. |
| Low-birth-weight infant | Infant whose weight is less than 2500 g (5 lb, 8 oz) at birth. |
| Bronchopulmonary Dysplasia | Occurs in infants with immature lungs who have been on mechanical ventilation and high concentrations of oxygen. Results in atelectasis, edema and a stiffening of the membranes in the lungs and airway |
| metabolic disorder: Galactosemia | autosomal recessive disorder of galactose metabolism. Deficiency in glactokinase. |
| Erythroblastosis Fetalis | severe hemolytic reaction-causes severe anemia, cadiac decompensation, edema, acites, hypoxia, and possible fetal death. |
| Point of maximum impulse | Area of the chest in which the heart sounds are loudest when auscultated. |
| transillumination | shine a light to the head to see the extra fluid. it will turn red |
| Chordee | Ventral curvature of the penis. |
| Diastasis recti | Separation of the longitudinal muscles of the abdomen (rectus abdominis) during pregnancy. |
| En face | Position that allows eye-to-eye contact between the newborn and a parent. |
| LGA | weight above the 90th% |
| Nonshivering thermogenesis | Process of heat production, without shivering, by oxidation of brown fat. |
| Caput succedaneum | Area of edema over the presenting part of the fetus or newborn, resulting from pressure against the cervix. Often called simply "caput." |
| Preterm problems with Infants | immature alveoli of the lungs, weak, undeveloped muscles in the chest, weak, immature cough adn gag reflex, deficient amount of surfactant |
| Colostrum | Breast fluid secreted during pregnancy and the first 7 to 10 days after childbirth. |
| Before 34 weeks | hard time coordinating sucking, swallowing, and breathing |
| Stepping reflex | when held up, and newborns foot touches the ground, the other foot raises in a stepping motion. |
| Catabolism | A process that converts living cells into simpler compounds. Involved in involution (normal changes) of the uterus after childbirth. |
| Containment | A method of increasing comfort in infants by swaddling or other methods to keep the extremities in a flexed position near the body. |
| Fundus | Part of the uterus that is farthest from the cervix, above the openings of the fallopian tubes. |
| Bronchopulmonary dysplasia | Chronic pulmonary condition in which damage to the infant's lungs requires prolonged dependence on supplemental oxygen. Also called chronic lung disease. |
| Habilitation | to minimize the child's disability-with meningomyelocele there may be paralysis, loss of bowel and bladder control |
| Prolactin | Anterior pituitary hormone that promotes growth of breast tissue and stimulates production of milk. |
| Foremilk | First breast milk received in a feeding. |
| Kangaroo Care | skin to skin contact-placed directly on mom/dad's chest-helps calm, keep warm and promotes bonding |
| Epispadias | Abnormal placement of the urinary meatus on the dorsal side of the penis. |
| Intrauterine growth restriction | Failure of a fetus to grow as expected for gestational age. |
| Ophthalmia neonatorum | Severe conjunctivitis in the newborn often caused by gonorrhea or chlamydia infection in the mother. May cause blindness. |
| Cryptorchidism | Failure of one or both testes to descend into the scrotum. |
| Reciprocal bonding behaviors | Repertoire of infant behaviors that promotes attachment between parent and newborn. |
| Prepuce | Fold of skin covering the glans penis; foreskin; may be removed by circumcision. |
| Tachypnea | Respiratory rate greater than 60 breaths per minute in the newborn after the first hour of life. |
| Second period of reactivity | Period after the first sleep following birth when the newborn may have an elevated pulse and respiratory rate and excessive mucus. |
| possible causes of preterm birth | illness in the mother, placenta previa, smoking, drug abuse |
| Meninigomyelocele | contains membranes, spinal cord |
| Thermogenesis | Heat production. |
| Phototherapy | may be used to reduce serum bilirubin levels. under flouescent light, cover eyes and external genetalia in boys. |
| Metritis | Infection of the decidua, myometrium, and parametrial tissues of the uterus. |
| Letting-go | A phase of maternal adaptation that involves relinquishing previous roles and assuming a new role as a parent. |
| Prolactin | Anterior pituitary hormone that promotes growth of breast tissue and stimulates production of milk. |
| Episiotomy | Surgical incision of the perineum to enlarge the vaginal opening. |
| Parenteral nutrition | Intravenous infusion of all nutrients known to be needed for metabolism and growth. |
| Jaundice | Yellow discoloration of the skin and sclera caused by excessive bilirubin in the blood; also called icterus. |
| Vernix caseosa | Thick, white substance that protect |
| PKU- phenylketonuria | autosomal recessive trait=among sexes. deficiency of the lack of the enzyme phenyalanine cannot convert to tyrosine and phylalanine accumulates in the blood. SEVERE retardation |
| Brown fat (or brown adipose tissue) | Highly vascular specialized fat found in the newborn that provides more heat than other fat when metabolized. |
| Hip Dysplasia | head of the femur is partly or completely displaced as a result of shallow acetabulum (hip socket) |
| Nevus vasculosus | Rough, red collection of capillaries with a raised surface that disappears with time. Also called strawberry hemangioma. |
| Respiratory distress syndrome | Condition caused by insufficient production of surfactant in the lungs; results in atelectasis, hypoxia, and hypercapnia (increased CO2). |
| Postpartum blues | Temporary, self-limited period of weepiness experienced by many new others beginning in the 1st week after childbirth. |
| Entrainment | Newborn movement in rhythm with adult speech, particularly high-pitched tones, which are more easily heard. |
| Rooting reflex | Newborn turns head to the side and opens the lips to suck. When newborns mouth or cheek is touched. |
| Pathologic Jaundice (hyperbilirubinemia) | caused by anythiing that causes massive breakdown of red blood cells. occurs in 24hr after birth. |
| Maple Syrup Urine Disease (MSUD) | causes elevation of leucine, isoleucine and valine result in acidosis, cerebral degeneration and death if not treated within 2 wks.---Diet low in branch chain amino-acids |
| Pulse oximetry | Method of determining the level of blood oxygen saturation by sensors attached to the skin. |
| Sibling rivalry | Feelings of jealousy and fear of replacement when a young child must share parental attention with a newborn infant. |
| Large-for-gestational-age infant | An infant whose size is above the 90th percentile for gestational age. |
| talipes equinovarus | foot that is turned inward |
| Atony | Absence or lack of usual muscle tone. |
| Bonding | Development of a strong emotional tie of a parent to a newborn. Also called claiming or binding in. |
| Enteral feeding | Nutrients supplied to the gastrointestinal tract orally or by feeding tube. |
| Hematoma | Localized collection of blood in a space or tissue. |
| Spina bifida | imperfect closure of the spinal veretbrae-neuro tube defects |
| Nutritive suckling or sucking | Steady, rhythmic suckling at the breast or sucking at a bottle to obtain milk. |
| SGA | below 10th% regardless of gestation |
| Postmaturity syndrome | Condition in which a postterm infant shows characteristics indicative of poor placental functioning before birth. Also called dysmaturity syndrome. |
| Cephalhematoma | Bleeding between the periosteum and skull from pressure during birth; does not cross suture lines. |
| Atony | Absence or lack of usual muscle tone. |
| Cleft Lip and Palate | slight to severe, repaired at 3 months, palate repaired 12-18 months. long term dental and speech problems after repair. |
| Down Syndrome/trisomy 21 | most common genetic disorder. close eyes, round face, protruding tongue, mental retardation, limp flaccid posture. |
| RDS-Respiratory Distress Syndrome | A result of immature lungs and a lack of surfactant—leads to decreased gas exchange. S&S several hours after birth—grunting, tachypnea, retractions, and nasal flaring |
| Mastitis | Inflammation of the breast, usually caused by engorgement with stasis of milk in the ducts or by infection. |
| hypoglycemia | insuffient store of glycogen and fat. plasma glucose levels <40mg/dl. weak cry, tremor, lethargy, convulsion. |
| Moro reflex | Newborn strightens arms and hands outward while the knees flex. When the newborn is startled by a loud noise or lifted slightly above the crib. Fingers form a C. |
| Small-for-gestational-age infant | An infant whose size is below the 10th percentile for gestational age. |
| Mastitis | Infection of the breast. |
| Syndactyly | Webbing between fingers or toes. |
| Mature milk | Breast milk that appears after the first 2 weeks of lactation. |
| Transitional milk | Breast milk that appears between secretion of colostrum and mature milk. |
| First period of reactivity | Period beginning at birth in which newborns are active and alert. It ends when the infant first falls asleep. |
| Lanugo | Fine, soft hair covering the fetus. |
| Necrotizing enterocolitis | Serious inflammatory condition of the intestines. |
| Milia | White cysts, 1 to 2 mm in size, from distended sebaceous glands. |
| Embolus | A mass that may be composed of a thrombus (blood clot) or amniotic fluid released into the bloodstream to cause obstruction of pulmonary vessels. |
| Latch-on | Attachment of the infant to the breast. |
| Involution | Retrogressive changes that return the reproductive organs, particularly the uterus, to their nonpregnant size and condition. |
| Trunk incurvation | stroking of the spine causes the pelvis to turn to the stimulated side. |
| Thermoregulation | Maintenance of body temperature. |
| Psychosis | Mental state in which a person's ability to recognize reality, communicate, and relate to others is impaired. |
| Nonnutritive sucking | Sucking during which little or no milk flow is obtained or with an object such as a pacifier or finger. |
| Postterm infant | An infant born after 42 weeks of gestation. |
| hemolytic diseases | babies RBC are being broken down. jaundice occurs in the 1st 24hrs |
| Extremely low-birth-weight infant | An infant weighing 1000 g (2 lb, 3 oz) or less at birth. |
| Lactation | Secretion of milk from the breasts. Also describes the period of time of breastfeeding. |
| Attachment | Development of strong affectional ties as a result of interaction between an infant and a significant other. |
| Neutral thermal environment | Environment in which body temperature is maintained without an increase in metabolic rate or oxygen use. |
| Engorgement | Swelling of the breasts that occurs when milk begins to be produced. |
| Decidua | The endometrium during pregnancy. All except the deepest layer is shed after childbirth. |
| Very-low-birth-weight infant | An infant weighing 1500 g (3 lb, 5 oz) or less at birth. |
| Hypovolemic shock | Acute peripheral circulatory failure caused by loss of circulating blood volume. |
| Acrocyanosis | Bluish discoloration of the hands and feet caused by reduced peripheral circulation. |
| Spina Bifida Cystica | Cystic mass in the midline of the spine |
| Fourth trimester | First 12 weeks after birth, a time of transition for parents and siblings. |
| Treatment of Hemolytic disease | may receive an exchange blood transfusion |
| Erythema toxicum | Benign rash of unknown cause in newborns, with blotchy red areas that may have white or yellow papules or vesicles in the center. |
| Fingertipping | First tactile (touch) experience between mother and newborn. The mother explores the infant's body with her fingertips only. |
| Bilirubin | Unusable component of hemolyzed (broken down) erythrocytes. |
| Oxytocin | Posterior pituitary hormone that stimulates uterine contractions and the milk-ejection reflex. Also prepared synthetically. |
| Taking-in | First phase of maternal adaptation, during which the mother passively accepts care and comfort and details about the newborn. |
| Hypospadias | Abnormal placement of the urinary meatus on the ventral side of the penis. |
| Kegel exercises | Alternate contracting and relaxing of the pelvic floor muscles to strengthen them. |
| Pseudomenstruation | Vaginal bleeding in the newborn, resulting from withdrawal of placental hormones. |
| Oxytocin | Hormone produced by the posterior pituitary gland that stimulates uterine contractions and the milk-ejection reflex; also prepared synthetically. |
| Lochia alba | White, cream-colored, or light yellow vaginal discharge that follows lochia serosa. |
| Barlow's test | when hips are adducted and extends the hips the examiner may feel the dislocation of the femur |
| Puerperium | Period from the end of childbirth until involution of the reproductive organs is complete, approximately 6 weeks. |
| Suckling | Giving or taking nourishment from the breast. Sometimes used interchangeably with sucking, which refers to drawing into the mouth with a partial vacuum, as with a bottle or pacifier. |
| Corrected gestational age | Gestational age that a preterm infant would be if still in utero. May also be called developmental age. |
| Hydramnios | Excess volume of amniotic fluid (more than 2000 ml at term). Also called polyhydramnios. |
| Milk-ejection reflex | Release of milk from the alveoli into the ducts. Also called the letdown reflex. |
| Hyperbilirubinemia | Excessive amount of bilirubin in the blood. |
| Café au lait spots | Light brown birthmarks. |
| Periodic breathing | Cessation of breathing lasting 5 to 10 seconds followed by 10 to 15 seconds of rapid respirations without changes in color or heart rate. |
| Subinvolution | Delayed return of the uterus to its nonpregnant size and consistency. |
| Craniosynostosis | Premature closure of the sutures of the infant's head. |
| Taking-hold | Second phase of maternal adaptation, during which the mother assumes control of her own care and initiates care of the infant. |
| Noncompliance | Resistance of the lungs and thorax to distention with air during respirations. |
| Polydactyly | More than 10 digits on the hands or feet. |
| Hypovolemia | Abnormally decreased volume of circulating fluid in the body. |
| Plagiocephaly | Flattening or asymmetry of the head |
| Mongolian spots | Bruiselike marks that occur mostly in newborns with dark skin tones. |
| Lochia rubra | Red vaginal discharge that occurs immediately after childbirth; composed mostly of blood. |
| Transcutaneous oxygen monitoring | Method of continuous noninvasive measurement of oxygen in the blood by transducers attached to the skin. |
| Spica cast | thorax down the legs, the whole torso |
| Engorgement | Swelling of the breasts resulting from increased blood flow, edema, and the presence of milk. |
| Placenta accreta | Placenta that is abnormally adherent to the uterine wall. If the condition is more advanced, it is called placenta increta (the placenta extends into the uterine muscle) or placenta percreta (the placenta extends through the uterine muscle). |
| Nevus simplex (salmon patch | stork bites, telangiectatic nevi), Flat, pink areas on the nape of the neck, forehead, or eyelids resulting from dilation of the capillaries. |
| Milk-ejection reflex | Release of milk from the alveoli into the ducts; also known as the let-down reflex. |
| Sucking reflex | when an object is placed in newborns mouth or lips. |
| Surfactant | Combination of lipoproteins produced by the lungs of the mature fetus to reduce surface tension in the alveoli, thus promoting lung expansion after birth. |
| Fetal lung fluid | Fluid that fills the fetal lungs, expanding the alveoli and promoting lung development. |
| Molding | Shaping of the fetal head during movement through the birth canal. |
