| Question | Answer |
| self-contept | the content of the self that, is our knowledge about who we are |
| self-awareness | the act of thinking about ourselves |
| independent view of the self | a way of defining oneself in terms of ones own internal thoughts, feelings, and actions and not in terms of the thoughts, feelings, and actions of other people |
| interdependent view of the self | a way of defining oneself in terms of ones relationships to other people; recognizing that ones behavior is often determined by the thoughts, feelings and actions of others |
| introspection | the process whereby people look inward and examine their own thoughts, feelings. and motives |
| self-wareness theory | the idea that when people focus their attention on themselves, they evaluate and compare their behavior to their internal standards and values |
| causal theories | theories about the causes of ones own feelings and behaviors |
| reasons-generated attitude change | attitude change resulting from thinking about the reasons for ones attitude; people assume their attitudes match the reason that are plausible and easy to verbalize |
| self-perception theory | the theory that when out attitudes and feelings are uncertain or ambiguous, we infer these states by observing our behavior and the situation in which occurs |
| intrinsic motivation | the desire to engage in an activity because we enjoy it or find it interesting, not because we enjoy the task or find it interesting |
| overjustification effect | the tendency of people to view their behavior as caused by compelling extrinsic reasons, making them underestimate the extent to which it was caused by intrinsic reasons |
| task-contingent rewards | rewards that are given for performing a task, regardless of how well the task is done |
| performance-contingent rewards | rewards that are based on how well we perform a task |
| two-factor theory of emotion | the idea that emotional experience is the result of a two-step self-perception process in which people first experience physiological arousal and then seek an appropriate explanation for it |
| misattribution of arousal | the process whereby people make mistaken inferences about what is causing them to feel the way they do |
| appraisal theories of emotion | theories holding that emotions result from people's interpretations and explanations of events, even in the absence of physiological arousal |
| fixed mindset | the idea that we have a set amount of an ability that cannot change |
| growth mindset | the idea that our abilities are malleable qualities that we can cultivate and grow |
| social comparison theory | the idea that we learn about our own abilities and attitudes by comparing ourselves to other people |
| downward social comparison | comparing ourselves to people who are worse than we are on a particular trait or ability |
| upward social comparison | comparing ourselves to people who are better than we are on a particular trait or ability |
| social tuning | the process whereby people adopt another person's attitudes |
| impression management | the attempt by people to get others to see them as they want to be seen |
| ingratiation | the process whereby people flatter, praise, and generally try to make themselves likable to another person, often of higher status |
| self-handicapping | the strategy whereby people create obstacles and excuses for themselves so that is they do poorly on a task, they can avoid blaming themselves |
| extrinsic motivation | the desire to engage in an activity because of external rewards or pressure, not because we enjoy the task or find it interesting |
| When asked "who am i?" a child is most likely to respond | im a nine year old |
| what is most likely an accurate view of the self in people in eastern cultures | the interdependent view |
| Chen is form China. He is most likely to have a/as | outside perspective on the self |
| according to Daryl Bems self perception theory when internal cues about attitudes or personality are weak, ambiguous, or uninterpretable, people | infer their own internal states by observing their own overt behavior |
| the act of thinking about ourselves is called | self-awareness |
| giving teenagers extra privileges in exchange for doing household chores will probably not produce the overjustification effect because | intrinsic interest in this activity is initially low |
| which type of rewards are more likely to lead to the overjustification effect | task-contingent rewards |
| the two factors in schachter two-factor theory of emotion are | physiological arousal and seeking a label that explains the arousal |
| which of the following demonstrates the misattribution of arousal | you panic in the belief that you will fail an exam after taking two caffeine tablets to get you through an "all-nighter: |
| what is the main difference between the two-factor theory of emotion and the appraisal theories of emotion | the appraisal theories do not acknowledge the role of cognitive interpretations of events in the experience of emotion |
| which of the following is true about self-control | we are better at it when we are well rested |
| which of the following theories begins with the supposition that people have a need to evaluate their opinions and abilities | social comparison theory |
| which of the following is an example of ingratiation | complimenting your professor on his choice of ties today |
| which of the following is true about introspection | we do not rely on this source of information as often as we think we do |
| deciding that you are in a bad mood because it is monday is an example of a(n) | causal theory |
| which of the following demonstrates the overjustification effect | an engineer who loved to solve mechanical problems as a child now views them as dreary tasks |
| participants in a study by schachter and singer who unwittingly took epinephrine, a drug that causes arousal, felt angry when filling out an insulting questionnaire in the presence of another angry individual because | they experienced arousal and sought out an explanation or label for that arousal in the situation |
| according to ___theory , when we attend to ourselves we compare our current actions to our internal values | self-awareness |
| writing a list of explanations for why people chose their romantic partners may decrease temporarily their love for their partners due to | reasons-generated attitude change |
| research has found that self-recognition, a rudimentary self-concept, develops at around ___ of age | 18 months |
| in order to gain important self-knowldge, people choose to compare themselves to | others who are similar to them on the important attribute or dimension |
| while self-handicapping may prevent unflattering attributions for out failures, it often has the negative consequence of | causing the poor performance that is feared in the first place |
| enjoyment is to ___motivation as reward is to ____motivation | intrinsic;extrinsic |
| we use ___social comparison when we want to better ourselves and we use ___social comparison when we want to feel better about ourselves | upward;downward |
| when we want people to from a particular impression of ourselves we engage in | impression management |
| according to festingers social comparison theory when will people compare themselves with other people and with whom do they compare themselves | when they DO NOT have an objective standard for comparison, when they are uncertain about themselves, and with people who are similar to them |
| wilson et al found that the decisions people make following reasons-generated attitude change | are ones that people tend to regret |
| Participants in nisbett and wilsons experiment reported that a distracting noise had affected their rating of a film when, in fact, it had not. These results may be explained by concluding that participants | generated a faulty causal theory |
| rose marie once founded painting to be an enjoyable hobby. now that she works as a commercial artist, however she rarely paints in her spare time. Rose marie might begin to enjoy painting again if she | focuses on the intrinsic reasons for painting and distance herself from the external rewards she receives from her job |
| Csikszentmihalyi an Figurski asked participants to wear beepers, and upon being beeped several times a day, list their thoughts and activities, their results indicated that | the vast majority of individuals daily thoughts were about mundane chores and task |
| studies indicate that all of the following animals may have a redumentary self-concept EXCEPT | cats |
| when it comes to the outside and insider perspectives on the self and people in east asian and western cultures | people in both cultures can adopt either perspective, but the default state people tend to adopt differs |
| according to the self-regulatory resource model, self control is an unlimited resource | false |
| women are joining the workforce in japan in record numbers, and more women are postponing of forgoing marriage in favor of | careers |
| according to self-awareness theory we become self-conscious, in the sense that we become objective, judgmental observers of ourselves | true |
| dweck uses the term___to refer to the idea that abilities are malleable qualities that can be cultivated and grown | growth mindset |
| self-awarenessis particularly aversive when it reminds people of their | shortcomings |
| it is impossible to praise children too much for their efforts | false |
| which of the following people is engaged in social tuning | charlie, who is adopting the same views as his date |
| resent research suggests that the energy that we spend when exerting self-control comes from | true |
