| Term | Definition |
| Agranulocytes | White blood cells that lack granules in the cytoplasm:
a: without
granul/o: granules
cyte: cells |
| antibodies | destroys substances |
| antibody-mediated immunity | immunity resulting from B-cell |
| antigens | substances that triggers immune response |
| atria (singular atrium) | Thin walled chambers of the heart that receives blood from the veins. |
| atrioventricular valves | valves between the atria and ventricles of the heart; tricuspid on the right side, mitral on the left side.
atri/o: atrium
ventricul/o: ventricle |
| cardiac cycle | a complete heartbeat consisting of contraction and relaxation of both atria and both ventricles |
| cell-mediated immunity | immunity T cells action |
| coagulation | the process of blood clotting:
coagul /o: clotting
tion: process |
| conduction myofibers | part of conduction system Purkinje fibrous |
| diapedesis | Leukocytes squeeze between cells in vessel walls
Dia: through |
| Diastole | relaxation phase of the cardiac cycle; opposite of systole |
| endocardium | the thin, smooth inner lining of each chamber of the heart, that permits blood to move easily.
endo: around, outside
card/i: heart
um: tissue |
| erythrocytes | red blood cells.
erythr/o: red |
| erythropiesis | the process of erythrocyte formation.
poieses: formation |
| erythropoietin | a hormone released by the kidneys that stimulate red blood cell production.
poietin: substances that form |
| granulocytes | granules in the cytoplasm of a cell: |
| hematopoiesis | erythrocyte production in the red bone marrow |
| hemocytoblast | a stem cell in the bone marrow
hem/o : blood
blast: to form |
| hemoglobin | the iron-containing protein in red blood cells that is responsible for the transport in oxygen.
globin: protein |
| hemostasis | The control or stoppage of bleeding |
| immunoglobulins | destroys substances ; antibodies
immun: immunity or protection |
| leukocytes | white blood cells |
| macrophage | large phagocytic tissue cell
phage: to eat |
| megakaryocyte | a large cell that contributes to the formation of platelets.
mega: large
kary/o: nucleus |
| myocardium | middle layer of the heart wall; cardiac muscle, provides the force to eject blood from the heart to the vessels.
my/o: muscle
um: tissue |
| non specific defense mechanism | body's ability to counter act many types of harmful agents |
| pericardial cavity | small space around the heart, |
| pericardium | membrane that surrounds the heart; usually refers to the pericardial sac. |
| pulmonary circulation | the pathway that takes blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and then returns it to the left side of the heart.
pulmon- lung |
| renal erythropoietic factor | a substance produced by the kidneys that activates erythropoietin to stimulate the production of red blood cells.
ren/o: kidney
poie: formation of blood cells |
| resistance | body's ability to counteract the effects of pathogens and other harmful agents. |
| right lymphatic duct | the collecting duct of the lymphatic system that collects lymph from the upper right quadrant of the body |
| semilunar valves | valves between the ventricles of the heart and the vessels that carry blood away from the ventricles; also pertains to the valves in the veins. |
| specific defense mechanism | activities of the body that counteract only certain types of harmful agents. |
| susceptibility | lack of resistance to disease |
| systemic circulation | pathways that transport blood from the left side of the heart to all parts of the body and return the blood to the right atrium; excludes pulmonary circulation. |
| systole | contraction phase of the cardiac cycle; opposite of diastole |
| thoracic duct | the primary collecting duct of the lymphatic system that collects lymph from all regions of the body except the upper right quadrant |
| thrombocytes | a class formed elements of the blood; function in blood clotting; also called platelets. Blood clotting cells.
thrombo/o: clot |
| ventricle | pumping chambers of the heart; |
| epicardium | outer layer of the heart, blood vessels that nourish the heart. |
| Albumins | produced in the liver,
protein in urine,
assists in fluid balance |
| globulins | antibodies that function in immunity |
| eosinophils | segmented nucleus,
2 lobes,
large granules,
bright reddish orange, surrounds histamine, and increase their amount during an allergic reaction. |
| basophils | very few, large, S-shaped nucleus, coarse granules, black and blue colored. secretes histamine that dilates blood vessels, and heparin anticoagulant. |
| lymphocyte | large, round, purpleish-blue cytoplasm. contains few to none granules. functions in the immune system and assists with the production of antibodies. |
| Thrombocytes | fragments of bigger cells that are not complete cells. plug and closes breaks and tears in the blood vessels. |
| lymphatic system 3 primary functions. | Returns extra fluid to blood.
Absorption of fats and vitamins.
defense against invading microorganisms and disease |
| formed elements | RBC
WBC
Thrombocytes |
| lymphatic organs | lymph nodes, tonsils, spleen, thymus |
| aging of the circulatory system | left ventricle shrinks. thickening of the endocardium and valves of the heart. valves become more rigid. |
| coronary | blood vessels that nourish the heart of the wall |
| left atrium | receives oxygenated blood from lungs |
| ventricle | right ventricle pumps blood into the lungs
left ventricle pumps blood into the systemic circulation |
| systemic circulation | pathway of the blood that transports blood from the left side of the heart through out the body. |
| monocyte | largest, U-shaped nucleus, abundant cytoplasm, stained grayish-blue, becomes macrophage, last responder to clean up remaining bacteria. |
| heart | located between the two lungs
posterior to the sternum anterior to the vertebral column
rests on the diaphragm |
| circulatory system | heart, blood , blood vessels, lymph, lymphatic vessel, lymphatic organs |
| inter-ventricular septum | the thick, muscular partition between the right and left ventricle. |
| neutrophils | purple multi-lobed nucleus, first responders to tissue damage, engulfs bacteria, increases during acute infection |
| leukocytes | there are five types of WBC: NEUTROPHILS, EOSINOHILS, BASOPHILS, MONOCYTE, LYMPHOCYTES. WBC are white and colorless before they get stained. |
| fibrinogen | clotting process |
| plasma proteins | albumin, globulin, fibrogen |
| AV bundle | "bundle of his" electrical fiber that triggers the myocardium to contract and relax. purkinje fibers. |
| Artery | carrys blood away from hearts and has 3 layers.
tunica intima - inner
tunica media - middle
tunica externa - outer layer |
| lymphatic vessels | carry fluid away from tissue, the flow of the lymph is slow and sluggish. |
| functions of blood | transportation, regulation, protection. |
| left ventricle | pumps blood to the whole body |
| left atrium | receives oxygenated blood from the inferior vena cava. |
| lymph node | inguinal nodes- groin
axillary nodes- armpit
cervical node- in the neck |
| tonsils | pharyngeal (adenoids) - nasal cavity
Palatine - oral cavity
lingual - base of the tongue |
| size of the heart | 9cm wide
12cm long |
| Atherosclerosis | signs and symptoms:
chest pain, in heart, in brain, ischemic attacks, kidney dysfunction.
diagnosis:
P.E, medical history, blood test, doppler ultra sounds.
treatment:
healthy diet, blood thinners, stent bypass. |
| coronary artery disease (CAD) | signs and symptoms:
chest pain, dyspnea, arrhythmias, fatigue.
diagnosis:
P.E, medical history, stress test,
treatment:
asprin, bypass surgery, healthy lifestyle |
| cardiomypathy | signs and symptoms:
chest pain, dyspnea, peripheral edema
Diagnosis:
P.E, echocardium, blood test, ECG
treatment:
pacemaker, defibrillator, LVAD, ablation, heart transplant |
| IgG | 75%-85% , located in the plasma. function: inactivates antigen, neutralizes toxins, responsible for rh reaction. |
| IgA | 5%-15%, found in saliva, mucus, tears, breast milk. function: protects mucous membrane from body surfaces; provides immunity for newborn. |
| IgM | 5%-10%, attached to b cells, released into the plasma during immune response. function: causes antigens to clump together, responsible for transfusion reactions in ABO blood typing system |
| IgD | .2% attached to b cells.
binding with antigen results in b cell activation |
| IgE | .5% produced by plasma cells in mucous membranes and tonsils.
binds to basophils, causing release of histamine, responsible for allergic reactions. |
| active natural | contract disease and produce memory cell |
| active artificial | receive a vaccination and produce memory cell |
| passive natural | receive maternal antibodies through the placenta or breast milk |
| passive artificial | receive antiserum with antibodies from another host |
