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| What are the 2 product homormones of the Thyroid Gland? | 1. Thyroid Hormone
2. Calcitonin |
| What are the two population of cells in the Thyroid Gland? | 1. Follicular Cells - produce Thyroid Hormone
2. Parafollicular or C cells - produce Calcitonin |
| Follicular cells & production of thyroid hormone | Form central cavities where colloid is filled
a fluid containg protiens
make Thyroglobulin in the colloid
iodide absorbed from GI Tract - cytoplasm
attaches to tyrosine portion of thyroglobulin
tyrosine molecules become linked & form thyroid hormone |
| Two types of thyroid hormone/Effects (which is produced from Thyroid gland, other hormone - calcitonin) | T3 - 3 iodide atms
T4 - 4 iodide atms
They are Calorigenic - increase metab. rate, body temp, energy, promote breakdown of protien, lipid, carbs |
| Thyroid hormone feedback | 1. Release of Thyroid releasing hormone TRH from Hyphothalmus
2. release of Thyroid stimulating hormone from Pituitary Gland |
| C-cells/parafollicular cells & production of calcitonin | larger & squished between follicles
involved in calcium homeostasis
overproduction - lower bld calcium levels
Inhibits osteoclast activity (slows release of calcium from bone)
bone deposition of calcium (inhibits)
calcium riding by the kidny |
| Parathyroid glands (4) | posterior of thyroid gland
Produce PTH(parathormone)
calcium homeostasis...helps prevent hypocalcemia...removed=low blood calcium
kidney & bone resorption, GI absorption |
| RISE OF CALCIUM LEVELS IN BLOOD | 1. Thyroid gland produces calcitonin
increased excretion of ca+ by kidneys
calcium deposition in bone
LOWERS SERUM CALCIUM |
| DROP OF CALCIUM LEVELS IN BLOOD | 1. Parathyroid glands secrete parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Increased reabsorption of by kidneys
Calcium release from bone
INCREASES SERUM CALCIUM |
| Adrenal Gland & parts | Cap the kidneys
2 glands
2 sections:
1. Adrenal cortex (periphery)
2. Adrenal medulla (interior) |
| What are the 3 regions of the Adrenal Cortex?
Each produce specific steroid hormones | 1. Zona glomerulosa - closest to capsule
2. Zona fasciculata - middle zone, foamy appreance
3. Zona reticularis - closest to medulla |
| Zona glomerulosa - Adrenal Cortex of Adrenal Gland | under capsule
Produces mineralocorticoids (aldosterone)
Regulates sodium resorption by kids in exchange for K+ |
| Zona fasciculata - Adrenal Cortex of Adrenal Gland | Produces glucorticoids
Effect on glucose metabolism
Glucocorticoids : cortisol - [cortisone] in liver - corticosterone
glucose formation, maintain blood p, resist stress |
| Zona reticularis - Adrenal Cortex of Adrenal Gland | Closest to medulla
Androges-sex hormones in small amounts |
| Adrenal Medulla of Adrenal Gland produces what two hormones? | Interior - resembel nerve tissue
1. Epinephrine
2. Noreinephrine
Under Symp Nervous System Control - last longer |
| HYPERadrenocorticism | Cushing's syndrome & disease - weight gain, hairloss too much gluocorticids (fasciculata) |
| HYPOadrenocorticism | Addison's disease, too little glucorticids
(fasciculata) |
| Feedback of Glucocorticoids feed back to what two locations: | 1. CRH - corticotropin releasing hormone from hypothalamus
2. ACTH - adrenocorticotropic hormone from anterior pituitary gland
GLUCOCORTICOIDS HAD INHIBITORY EFFECTS ON TWO |
| Pancrease - what are the two broad functions? | 1. Exocrine - digestive enzyme (most mass of pancrease)
2. Endocrine - hormones produced by "Islets of Langerhans) small nodules of tissue throughout pancreas) Products: Insulin (beta),Glucagon (alpha), Somatostatin (Delta), Pancreatic Polypeptide F cell |
| What are the two group of cells in a pancreas? | 1. Islet cells - endocrine function
2. Acinar cells - exocrine function - produce digestive enzymes transported to duodenum via 2 ducts |
| Islets of Langerhans & 4 population | Nests or groupings spred b/w acinar cells
1. Alpha cells
2. Beta cells
3. Delta cells
4. F Cells |
| 1. Alpha cells of Islets of Langerhans | secret glucagon
increases blood glucose lvl by increasing release of glucose by liver |
| 2. Beta cells of Islets of Langerhans | secret insulin
decreases blood glucose by increasing body cell uptake & utilization of glucose |
| 3. Delta cells of Islets of Langerhans | produce like growth hormone inhibiting
somatostatin
suppresses release of insulin & glucose from other Islet cells |
| 4. F cells of Islets of Langerhans | produce pancreatic polypeptide (PP)
inhibit gall bladder contraction |
| Diabetes Mellitus | insulin deficiency |
| What does Insulin do? | cause glucose in the blood to be absorbed into cells
utilization of glucose |
| What does Glucagon do? | causes bld lvl of glucose to rise
deficiency is not ofter critical |
| RISE IN GLUCOSE | causes insulin release
normalize |
| DROP IN GLUCOSE | causes glucagon release |
| Testes | interstitial cells
produce & release androgens
stimulated by LH from pituitary
Primary product/androgen - testosterone
stimulation of bone & muscle build up |
| Ovaries | production of estrogens & progestins
Stimulated by FSH & LH from pituitary
estrogens cause behavorial & phy changes
Progestins help maintain pregnancy if needed |
| Kidneys - what three hormones are released? | 1. Calcitriol
2. Erythropoietin
3. Renin |
| Hormones of Kidney - 1. Calcitriol | steriod hormone released by Kidney
release stimulated by PTH
raises blood calcium
(PTH raises ca lvl by causing calcitriol release) |
| Cholecalciferol (vit D3) | converted to calcitriol
related steroid
produced in skin/absorbed in Tract |
| Hormones of Kidney - 2. Erythopoietin | EPO
release stimulated by low oxygen in Kidney tiss
stimulates bone marrow production of RBCs
deficiency - kidney failure - anemia due to low production of hormone |
| Hormones of Kidney - 3. Renin | Enzyme
Stimulus for release:
1. sympathetic stimulation
2. Decreased renal blood flow
starts seq. that results in angiotensin 2(whcih stims release of Aldosterone &ADH)
potent vasoconstrictor, pools bld centraly |
| GI Tract | produce gastrin
stimulates gastric gland to release HCl & enzymes
stimulaltes gastric motility |
| Small Intestine | secretin - stim pancrease to produce buffering fluid
CCK - stim pancreas to release digestize enzyme & gall bladder contraction |
| Placenta | produce estrogen, progestins, chorionic, gonadotropin - help maintain pregnancy |
| Thymus | atrophy
maturation of immune system
matures cells to Tlymphs, crucial for immune responses |
| Pineal Body | part of brain
cyclic production of melatonin which affects sleep cucles |
| Prostaglandins | derived from fatty acids -
initiate inflamation |
