| Term | Definition |
| Functions of buffers | -Involved in homeostasis
-Regulate pH
-Can donate or accept Hydrogen ions(H+)
-if pH is too high, donate H+
-if pH is too low, pick up H+ |
| Characteristics of Saturated Fat | -Saturated with Hydrogen
-All bonds are single bonds
-Solid at room temperature
-Comes from animal products |
| Characteristics of Unsaturated Fat(Oil) | -Not completely saturated with Hydrogen
-Some bonds are not single bonds
-Liquids at room temperature
-Comes from plant products |
| Hydrogenated Oils | Unsaturated fats that were force fed hydrogen to turn them into solids. They are very unhealthy |
| Characteristics of Hydrogenated Oils | -Worst of the three fats
-Made vegetable oils solid at room temperature |
| Levels of protein structure | 1) Primary Structure
2) Secondary Structure
3) Tertiary Structure
4) Quaternary Structure |
| Characteristics of Primary Structure(1°) | -Most important structure, because it determines the structure of the other three enzyme structures
-Linear Sequence of amino acids(Determined by DNA) connected by peptide bonds |
| Characteristics of Secondary Structure(2°) | -Two different structure appearances-1)Alpha helix and 2)Beta pleated sheet
-Alpha helix looks like a coil
-Beta pleated sheet looks like a transverse wave
-Hydrogen bonds start to form between various amino acids in the chain |
| Characteristics of Tertiary Structure(3°) | -The coil(alpha helix) coils
-R groups of amino acids are involved, bonds start to form between polar R groups and non-polar R groups, between positively charged R groups and negatively charged R groups |
| Characteristics of Quaternary Structure(4°) | -More than one tertiary Stricture is linked together
-Hydrogen bonds, peptide bonds, etc.
-ex. Hemoglobin |
| Characteristics of Tertiary Structure(3°) cont. | -Hydrophobic R groups try to get away from H₂O
-Hydrophilic R groups try to be in contact with H₂O |
| DNA structure | -Two strands of Nucleotides
-Strands of the double helix are anti-parallel
-Nitrogen base groups A&T are double ringed structures(purines)
-T&C are single ringed Structures(pyrimidines)
-Number of pyrimidines is equal to the number of purines |
| DNA structure cont. | -Sides of the double helix are called the phosphate sugar backbone
-The rungs of the ladder are called the nitrogenous bases
-The 5' phosphate group bonds to the 3' OH group of the next nucleotide
-This bond is called Phosphodiester bond |
| Enzyme Inhibition(Stopping) | -Can be helpful/harmful
-Any chemical that interferes with activity is an inhibitor
-If inhibitor bonds to an enzyme with covalent bonds, usually not reversible(toxins, poisons)
-If inhibitor bonds to an enzyme with hydrogen bonds, usually reversible |
| Three types of Enzyme inhibition | -Competitive inhibition
-Non-competitive inhibition
-Feedback inhibition |
| Competitive Inhibition | -Another molecule competing with the substrate for the active site of an enzyme
-Lowers the rate of reaction
-Can counteract this by coding more substrate |
| Non-competitive Inhibition | -Another substance(other than the substrate) bonds to another site on the enzyme called the allosteric site
-When this happens it changes the shape of the active site and the substrate can't bind to the enzyme |
| Feedback Inhibition | -Occurs in metabolic ways
-When the protein made after many previous bonding comes back to bond with original enzyme |
| Cell Theory | -All living things are made of cells
-Cells are the smallest living units(emergent properties)
-Cells came from pre-existing cells(no spontaneous generation) |
| What all Cells have in common | -DNA
-Cell membranes
-Ribosome
-Cytoplasm |
| Viruses | -NOT LIVING!!!
-No cells
-Can't reproduce on their own
-Consist of DNA (or RNA) and proteins |
| Surface area to volume ratio | -Limit to how big cells can get
-Better to have lots of little cells than one big cell
-SA/V top of fraction has to be big in order to have a large Surface Area to Volume Ratio
-As the SA of a cell increases the V also increases, but at a faster rate |
| Surface area to volume ratio cont. | -Smaller the cell, the better
-need a lot of surface area(cell membrane) to service the Volume(Cytoplasm)
-The Smaller the cell the larger the ratio |
| Characteristics of Prokaryotic cells | -Always single celled
-1-10 micrometers
-no nucleus
-no membrane bound organelle
-No histons or introns
-reproduce through binary fission
-1 circular chromosome
-Plasmids, nucleoids, pili, capsule
-Cell wall(peptidoglycan)
-70s Ribosomes |
| Characteristics of Eukaryotic cells | -Can be single celled or multi-celled
-1-100 micrometers
-Nucleus
-Many membrane bound organelles
-Have histons & introns
-Reproduce through Mitosis and Meiosis
-Many linear chromosomes
-80s Ribosomes
-Cell wall(cellulose||chitin)
-Cytoskeleton |
| Microscope | -Big knob is called the adjustment knob
-Small knob is called the fine adjustment knob
-!The Fine adjustment knob helps you get things in focus! |
| Histons | Protein that DNA is wrapped around |
| Introns | -Commonly referred to as "junk" DNA
-Sections of DNA that don't actually code for a protein |
| Cell Membrane | -Controls what enters and leaves the cells
-It is selectively permeable
-All cells have it |
| Cytoplasm | -Move things around the cell like a stream
-Lots of chemical reactions take place here
-It is found in all cells |
| Ribosomes | -Make Proteins
-Found in all cells |
| Nucleiod | -Location where DNA can be found
-Only found in prokaryotic cells |
| Nucleus | -Brain/Control center of the cell
-Controls heredity
-Only found in eukaryotic cells |
| Nucleolus | -Make ribosomes
-Eukaryots only |
| Pili | -Helps cell attach(adhere) to surfaces
-Plasmids can be traded among cells through this
-Prokaryotic cells only |
| Plasmids | -Extra loops of DNA, contain only a few genes
-carry resistance genes
-Prokaryotic cells only |
| Flagella | -Movement
-Found in Some prokaryots, some animals, and some prostists |
| Capsule | -Extra layer of protection against antibiotics
-Prokaryotic cells only |
| Cell Wall | -Support and Protection
-Plant cells(cellulose)
-Bacteria(peptidoglycan)
-Fungi(chitin) |
| Mitochondria | -Make ATP by doing the 2nd and 3rd steps of cellular respiration
-Eukaryots only(plants, animals, protists, fungi) |
| Rough ER(Endoplasmic Reticulum) | -Makes, perfects, stores, and transports proteins
-Eukaryots only |
| Smooth ER | -Make Lipids
-Eukaryots only |
| Golgi Body | -Stores perfected proteins and lipids(warehouse)
-Proteins and lipids can bi shipped from there
-Eukaryots only |
| Centrioles | -Help with cell division
-Animals only |
| Lysosomes | -Contain digestion enzymes, breaks things down
-Compared to stomach
-Animals only |
| Microtubules
(Cytoskeleton) | Protein filments that can contract-push and pull things around the cell
-Eukaryots only |
| Chloroplasts | -Make glucose by means of photosynthesis
-Plants and some protists |
| Large Vacuole | -Stores water; controls cell size and volume
-Temporarily stores waste
-Stores certain pigments
-Plants and some protists |
