| facts | |
| elements to addiction | excessive use or abuse
display of psychological disturbances decline of social & economic function uncontrollable consumption indicating dependence |
| personality traits | low-stress tolerance
dependency
negative self-image
feeling of insecurity
depresion |
| psychoactive drugs make user feel good | |
| social use creates | relaxed atmosphere
encourages people to share & be more open |
| 3 diseases of dependency | chronic
incurable
progressive |
| 3 stages of a progressive disease | early
middle
late |
| early stage includes | increased drug tolerance
strong denial
defends drug use to family
more socialized with users
increased tardiness or call offs from work/school
possible legal problems
good prognosis for recovery even w/o treatment program |
| health experience in early stages | insomnia
anxiety
cramps
heart palpitations
changes in sexual libido
accidental injury |
| common drug users feels | attitude
mood swings
low-self esteem
shame or guilt
remorse
resentment
irritability |
| middle stage includes | uses are moderately impaired
tries to decrease or stop(heavier user)
abstinence brings s&s of withdrawal
use to feel normal
establish pattern of use
weakens family/friend relationship
physical heath decline
job loss
legal problems
need treatment |
| middle stage behavior | arguing
lying
stealing
incest
physical abuse
child neglect
social isolation
multiple use progress to late stage faster |
| common problems in the middle stage | wt changes
GI problems
suicide attempts
blackouts
sexual problems
STD
accidental injury
overdose |
| Late stage includes | severe impairment in all areas of function
continual use to avoid emotional/physical pain(normalcy)
poor problem solving/judgment
neglects hygiene
manipulative(denies problems)
unemployed/homeless
must receive treatment |
| medical problems in late stage | malnutrition
liver disease
pancreatitis
toxic psychosis
kidney failure
sexual impotence
stroke |
| late stage IV users | risk for HIV
hepatitis B&C
septicemia(infection n blood)
abscess
infection endocarditis(lining of heart) |
| alcoholism | is a nation problem |
| things the contribute to alcoholism | inner urge controlled by nervous systems
dysfunction of the endocrine system
uses for copying mechanism |
| ethology/pathophysiology | CNS depressant
affects higher center of the brain including the frontal cortex which gives self control
judgment is blocked but memory/pleasure is obtained
affect the limbic system(primitive part of the brain, regulates hunger, thirst & sexual desires |
| repeated alcohol use affects the basal ganglia of the brain | unbalance
compulsion controls
leading to obsessive-compulsive behavior
rapid lg quality consumption
acute alcohol poisoning(death) |
| active ingredient in alcohol is | ethyl |
| alcohol does not require digestion | absorbed in stomach & intestine
90% metabolized n the liver |
| alcohol has diuretic effect | |
| urine of heavy drinkers contain(body getting rid of ?) | increase amounts potassium
magnesium & zinc |
| alcohol prolong use has a effect in the mucosa(lining of the intestine | decrease absorption of thiamine(vit B folic acid, vit B12) |
| alcohol does not convert to sugar(glycogen) | provides 200kal
no minerals or vitamins |
| alcohol blood level in most states | .08% (depends on alcohol & size) |
| Fatal alcohol syndrome(FAS) | maternal use of 3 oz daily(abnormal results
common in new born |
| FAS birth defects | mental retardation
growth disorder
wide-set eyes
malformation of the body parts(calf lip or pallet)
spontaneous abortion or stillbirth |
| alcohol withdrawal syndrome | developed physiologic dependence & tries to guits |
| signs and symptoms od alcohol withdrawal syndrome | mild tremors(6-48Hrs after last drink)
flulike symptoms
nausea & vomiting
severe agitation
hallucinations
diaphoresis(sweat)
tachycardia(fast heart rate)
HTN(high B/P) |
| associated w/cessation( trying to stop) Alcohol withdrawal syndrome | anorexia
restlessness
disorientation
hallucination
seizures(12-24hrs after cessation) usually Grand mal |
| Delirium Tremors(DT's) | complication of alcohol withdrawal
results from excessive withdrawal
death 15% even after treatment |
| signs & symptoms of DT ( occur 1-2 days after cessation last 2days-week) | tremors
increase activity to point of agitation
disorientation
hallucinations
fear with appearance of panic elevated temp |
| Korsakoff's psychosis(syndrome) | brain disorder in chronic alcoholics |
| Korsakoff's psychosis(syndrome) signs & symptoms | short term memory
disorientation
muttering delirium
insomnia
hallucinations
polyneuritis
painful extremities w/ foot drop affecting gait |
| Wernicke's encephalopathy | occurs in association w/ thiamine deficiency causing brain damage in the temporal lobes |
| sign & symptoms of Wernicke's encephalopathy | memory loss
aphasia
involuntary eye movement
double vision
lack of muscle coordination
disorientation w/ confabulation (loss of thought) |
| health disorders associated w/ alcoholism | gastrointestinal GI
hepatic
cardiovascular/blood disorder
musculoskeletal
neurologic |
| different types of drug abuse | illegal drugs(club, street, rave)
prescription
over the counter meds |
| CNS depressants | alcohol
sedatives
hypnotic meds
opioids analgesics |
| sedative-hypnotic drugs | barbiturates
benzodiazepine
minor tranquilizers |
| sign/symptoms of CNS disorder | decreased respirations
passiveness/listlessness
heaviness in extremities
pinpoint pupils(opioids)
reduced hunger/thirst
reduced sexual drive
memory loss
slurred speech
nausea/vomiting
ataxic gait(staggering)
nod state |
| barbiturates ( used n 20th century) | for sedative, hypnotic, anesthetic/anticonvulsant effect |
| problematic side effects of barbiturates | respiratory depression
rapid tolerance
dependency
sudden withdrawal-seizures/status, epilepticus |
| different kinds of barbiturates | flurazepam(Dalmane)
chlordiazepoxide (Libruim)
diazepam (Valium)
alprazolam(Xanax)
flunitazepam (Rohynal)- club drug
GHB (gamma hydroxybutrate)-club drug |
| diazepam (Valium) | 6th most prescribed
anti-anxiety |
| alprazolam (Xanax) | treat acute anxiety |
| flunitrazepam (Rohynol) | date rape(club drug)
easily mix n drinks
alcohol increase effects
unknowingly consumes
odorless/tasteless/colorless
works quickly (unconsciousness)
muscle relaxation/ amnesia
not legal in US |
| GHB (gamma-hydroxybutyrate)club drug | euphoric
sedative
body building(anabolic effects)
odorless/tasteless/colorless
synthetic drug(common for the fitness center |
| opioid analgesics facts | made from poppies
Hippocrates -poppy's magical pain relieving properties
16th popular med in Europe
schedule 1 drug |
| different ways to consume an opioid analgesics | snorting
smoking
injecting |
| morphine (synthetic derivatives-schedule 2 drug) | orally or inject
cough suppressant
slows peristalsis un the gut
mildly contract the bladder
tolerance-develops rapidly
abstinence reverses rapidly |
| 3 general types of abusers for morphine | street abuser(illegally)
prescribed opioids(middle class adult health care profession's)
methadone abuser(chronic pain) |
| Signs/symptoms acute opioid overdose | respiratory depression
pinpoint pupils
stupor/coma |
| treatment for acute opioid overdose | support of ventilator
naloxone(Narcan)
clonidine(Catapress)-helps reduce withdrawal symptoms
monitor for recurrent toxic symptoms |
| morphine/heroine is consume in | huge amounts |
| withdrawal signs/symptoms(6hrs after last dose)-peaks 2-3 days-subsides 5-10days | flu like symptoms
watery eyes
dilated pupils
gramps
diaphoresis
HTN
body aches
runny nose
vomiting
diarrhea
tachycardia
chills/fevers
cold turkey-comes from gooseflesh common |
| methadone(dolophine)facts | synthetic opioid that helps suppress withdrawal symptoms in morphine/heroine addicts
once pt stabilizes decrease daily unit addict is methadone free
methadone is sometimes a drug of abuse for former heroine addicts
motivation key to success |
| methadone long acting compound(better out come) | levo-alpha-acetylmethadol or LAAM(orlaa m) |
| stimulants | caffeine
amphetamines
cocaine |
| caffeine facts | present in food/ over the counter meds
cold/sinus meds
appetite suppressants
chemically related to theophylline(COPD) |
| stimulants effects of caffeine | (mid)- typically last 5-7hrs after consumption
habitual 5-7 cups per day (can cause withdrawals) |
| signs/symptoms of caffeine withdrawals | headache
fatigue
irritability |
| commonly consumed food of caffeine (contains moderate-lg amounts) | coffee
tea
soft drinks |
| stimulants potentially aggravate | anxiety disorder
schizophrenia
heart conditions |
| nicotine facts | present in tobacco
legally sanctioned as a substance abuser
smokers declining
woman/underage smokers are rising |
| effect of nicotine | increase alertness/conceration
appetite suppression
vasoconstriction |
| heavy/ persistent smokers quickly develops | tolerance/dependence |
| nicotine switch to oral from of tobacco snuff or chew to reduce | hazards from smoking |
| when heavy nicotine users suddenly stop withdrawal symptoms are | cravings
irritability
restlessness
impatience hostility
anxiety
confusion
difficulty concentrating
disturbed sleep
increase appetite
decreased heart rate |
| nicotine treatment- 70& of people that quick relapse | agents to decrease the dose nicotine
nicotine gum
transdermal patch
nasal spray
agents that block reinforcing effects of smoking
behavior therapy |
| cocaine facts | white powder
used topical, local,& anesthetic
vasoconstrictor for some types of surgery EENT |
| Crack Cocaine facts | addiction rapidly
inexpensive from of cocaine
freebasing method of extracting cocaine
cravings persist for months
smoke, freebase, snort or possible IV (30se) |
| overdose of cocaine | cardiorespiratory distress
seizures
hospitalize
to stabilize
heart
abnormalities/protect from suicide
amantadine(Symmetrel) serves in treatment for Parkinson's disease to reduce cravings |
| neonates of cocaine addicted mothers | or crack babies need close watch for complications
swaddling or wrapping the body, snuggling is often used to comfort
keep stimuli such as bright lights, loud noise & excessive handling to a minimum |
| amphetamines facts | popular in club drug
methylphenidate (Ritalin)
powder that u snort, smoke, inject
mixed w/ heroin or marijuana
methamphetmine-potent addictive amphetamine
powerful release od neurotransmitter dopamine
dopamine deletion n brain cause parkinsonian sym |
| effects of amphetamines | brain call damage sometime permanent
CNS stimulant is so strong hallucinations/paranoia
wt loss/malnutrition from anorexia effect are sometime severe
,cause damage to blood vessel, lead to heart attack or stoke
brain damage @ cellar level or sudden d |
| chronic abusers of amphetamines | exhibit flat affect
forgetfulness
difficulty in concentration due to irreversible brain damage |
