| Question | Answer |
| Components of plasma | 92% water 7%plasma proteins |
| Functions of plasma (4) | 1)Excreting waste products
2)Carries nutrients
3)Transports hormones
4)Contains clotting agents |
| Primary Hemostasis (3) | 1)Initial response to vascular injury involving the interaction between platelets and the endothelium of the injured vessel
2)Vascular spasm
3)Platelet plug formation |
| Secondary Hemostasis (2) | 1)Coagulation
2) Clot retraction |
| Hyperplasia | More cells |
| Hypertrophy | Bigger cells |
| Dysplasia | Normal cells grown abnormal |
| Metaplasia | One normal cell type turns into another normal cell type |
| Atrophy | Smaller cells |
| Internal defenses of the specific immune system(5) | 1)Phagocytes
2)Fever
3)NK cells
4)Antimicrobial proteins
5)Inflammation |
| Type I Hypersensitivity
What?
Antibody?
Speed?
Primary effector cells?
Mediator? | Allergies, eczema
IgE
Immediate
Mast cells and Basophils
Histamine |
| Type II
What?
Speed?
Antibodies? | Tissue specific
Immediate
IgG, IgM |
| Type III Hypersensitivity | Immune complex reaction |
| Type IV Hypersensitivity
Speed?
Antibody?
Principal mediators?
Principal effector cells? | Delayed, starts slow
No primary antibody
Lymphocytes, helper Ts, cytotoxic T
Lymphocytes and macrophages |
| What type of disease is Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome | B and T cell immunodeficiency |
| What type of disease is DiGeorge Syndrome | T cell immunodeficiency |
| What type of disease is Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis | T cell immunodeficiency |
| What type of disease is IgA deficiency | B cell immunodeficiency |
| What type of disease is X linked agammaglobulinemia | B cell immunodeficiency |
| What type of disease is Transient hypogammaglobulinemia | B cell immunodeficiency |
| What nutrients contribute to RBC pathologies (4) | 1) Iron
2)Protein
3)Minerals
4)Vitamins |
| What is iron in RBC pathology required for? | Hemoglobin synthesis |
| What vitamins are required for RBC pathology? (4) | B12, B6, folate, riboflavin |
| Neutropenia | A type of leukopenia in which he absolute neutrophil count is below 500 cells |
| Thrombocytopenia | A deficiency of platelets in the peripheral blood |
| What type of disease are Marfan's syndrome and Huntington disease? | Autosomal dominant |
| What type of disease are Albinism and Cystic Fibrosis? | Autosomal recessive |
| What type of disease are Hemophilia A and Fragile X Syndrome? | X linked |
| Turners Syndrome | XO, females |
| Kleinfelter Syndrome | XXY, males |
| Cystic Fibrosis | Thick mucus secretions are produced by body tracts |
| Phenylketonuria (PKU) | Phenylalanine can't be broken down, low melanin |
| Intrinsic clotting cascade | Initiated when blood contacts altered endothelium or negatively charged surface>Platelet factor 3>produces active factor IX and VIII which activates factor X |
| Extrinsic clotting cascade | Initiated when factor III is released by injured tissue>activates factor VII/TF III which can activate factor X |
| Hemophilia A | Inability to form blood clots>factor VIII deficiency |
| Hemophilia B | Factor IX deficiency |
| Prothrombin time | Evaluates the clotting factors of the intrinsic pathway |
| Thrombin time | Measures the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin |
| Multiple Sclerosis (Upper or lower?) | Upper motor neurons |
| Guillain Barre Syndrome (Upper or lower?) | Lower motor neurons |
| Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Upper or lower?) | Upper and Lower motor neurons |
| Bell Palsy (Upper or lower?) | Lower motor neurons |
| Absence/Petit Mal | brief, occurs only in children, staring spell |
| Atypical absence | staring spell is accompanied by myoclonic jerks |
| Myoclonic | extremely brief, single jerk |
| atonic/drop attack | sudden , complete loss of muscle tone |
| Cutaneous Pain | sensation of pain arising from the skin |
| Visceral pain | pain usually arising from the internal organs |
| Psychogenic | Occurs when tissue injury has occurred, and arises to prevent further injury |
| Nonpalpable | freckle |
| Palpable (solid) | Mole, fibroma |
| Palpable (fluid filled) | Herpes, acne |
| Erosion | Partial loss of epidermis |
| Ulceration | loss of full epidermis |
| Fissure | Split through all epidermal layers |
| Atrophy | Thinning of the skin |
| Excoriation | loss of outer skin layers due to scratching |
| Crust | collection of serous exudates and debris on the surface of damaged outer skin |
| Scale | compact portion of flaking stratum corneum |
| Lichenification | epidermal thickening and roughening with visible furrows |
| Scar | fibrous tissue replaces lost epidermal and dermal tissue |
| Bacterial infections (3) | Impetigo, syphilis, leprosy |
| Viral infections (2) | Verrucae, Herpes |
| Fungal infections (2) | Dermatophytes, Candida albicans |
| Verrucae | Warts |
| Rubeola | 7 day measles |
| Rubella | 3 day measles |
| What does scarlet fever commonly occur after? | Strep throat |
| Osteoarthritis | Morning stiffness for less than 30 min.
Increased pain with increased function
No inflammatory |
| Infectious Arthritis | Wingle, warm, very swollen joint
Low grade fever, chills
Leukocytosis |
| Rheumatoid Arthritis | Inflammatory
Cardiac manifestations |
| Lupus Erythematous | arthralgia and synovitis
Deformities |
| Scleroderma | Raynaud phenomenon
Bilateral hand and foot swelling
Thickening of skin |
| Ankylosing Spondylitis | Low back pain |
| Reactive Arthritis (Reiter syndrome) | Enthesitis, Iritis |
| Gout | warm, red, tender joint
Sudden attack of pain
Urate crystals |
| Adult onset still disease | High fever
rash on trunk and extremities |
| Myopia | Elongated eye>nearsightedness |
| Hyperopia | Shorter eye>Farsightedness |
| Presbyopia | Loss of accommodative capacity |
| Astigmatism | irregularity in curvature of the cornea or lens |
| Dry/Atrophic macular degeneration | Degeneration of the outer retina, pigmented layer, and the choroid |
| Wet/Exudative macular degeneration | rapid onset and severe>retinal capillaries dilate and become more permeable |
| Osteomalacia | Deficits in mineralization of newly formed osteoid |
| Paget disease | Initial excessive bone resorption is followed by excessive bone formation |
| Osteomyelitis | Severe pyogenic infection of red marrow rich bones and local tissue |
| Major cause of osteomyelitis | bloodstream |
| Reiter syndrome effects (4) | Arthritis, urethritis, conjunctivitis, hyperkeratosis |
| Pemphigus Hypersensitivity | Type II and III |
| Eczema Hypersensitivity | Type I |
| Contact Dermatitis Hypersensitivity | Type IV |
| Vasculitis Hypersensitivity | Type III |
