Question | Answer |
Components of plasma | 92% water 7%plasma proteins |
Functions of plasma (4) | 1)Excreting waste products
2)Carries nutrients
3)Transports hormones
4)Contains clotting agents |
Primary Hemostasis (3) | 1)Initial response to vascular injury involving the interaction between platelets and the endothelium of the injured vessel
2)Vascular spasm
3)Platelet plug formation |
Secondary Hemostasis (2) | 1)Coagulation
2) Clot retraction |
Hyperplasia | More cells |
Hypertrophy | Bigger cells |
Dysplasia | Normal cells grown abnormal |
Metaplasia | One normal cell type turns into another normal cell type |
Atrophy | Smaller cells |
Internal defenses of the specific immune system(5) | 1)Phagocytes
2)Fever
3)NK cells
4)Antimicrobial proteins
5)Inflammation |
Type I Hypersensitivity
What?
Antibody?
Speed?
Primary effector cells?
Mediator? | Allergies, eczema
IgE
Immediate
Mast cells and Basophils
Histamine |
Type II
What?
Speed?
Antibodies? | Tissue specific
Immediate
IgG, IgM |
Type III Hypersensitivity | Immune complex reaction |
Type IV Hypersensitivity
Speed?
Antibody?
Principal mediators?
Principal effector cells? | Delayed, starts slow
No primary antibody
Lymphocytes, helper Ts, cytotoxic T
Lymphocytes and macrophages |
What type of disease is Wiskott Aldrich Syndrome | B and T cell immunodeficiency |
What type of disease is DiGeorge Syndrome | T cell immunodeficiency |
What type of disease is Chronic mucocutaneous candidiasis | T cell immunodeficiency |
What type of disease is IgA deficiency | B cell immunodeficiency |
What type of disease is X linked agammaglobulinemia | B cell immunodeficiency |
What type of disease is Transient hypogammaglobulinemia | B cell immunodeficiency |
What nutrients contribute to RBC pathologies (4) | 1) Iron
2)Protein
3)Minerals
4)Vitamins |
What is iron in RBC pathology required for? | Hemoglobin synthesis |
What vitamins are required for RBC pathology? (4) | B12, B6, folate, riboflavin |
Neutropenia | A type of leukopenia in which he absolute neutrophil count is below 500 cells |
Thrombocytopenia | A deficiency of platelets in the peripheral blood |
What type of disease are Marfan's syndrome and Huntington disease? | Autosomal dominant |
What type of disease are Albinism and Cystic Fibrosis? | Autosomal recessive |
What type of disease are Hemophilia A and Fragile X Syndrome? | X linked |
Turners Syndrome | XO, females |
Kleinfelter Syndrome | XXY, males |
Cystic Fibrosis | Thick mucus secretions are produced by body tracts |
Phenylketonuria (PKU) | Phenylalanine can't be broken down, low melanin |
Intrinsic clotting cascade | Initiated when blood contacts altered endothelium or negatively charged surface>Platelet factor 3>produces active factor IX and VIII which activates factor X |
Extrinsic clotting cascade | Initiated when factor III is released by injured tissue>activates factor VII/TF III which can activate factor X |
Hemophilia A | Inability to form blood clots>factor VIII deficiency |
Hemophilia B | Factor IX deficiency |
Prothrombin time | Evaluates the clotting factors of the intrinsic pathway |
Thrombin time | Measures the conversion of prothrombin to thrombin |
Multiple Sclerosis (Upper or lower?) | Upper motor neurons |
Guillain Barre Syndrome (Upper or lower?) | Lower motor neurons |
Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (Upper or lower?) | Upper and Lower motor neurons |
Bell Palsy (Upper or lower?) | Lower motor neurons |
Absence/Petit Mal | brief, occurs only in children, staring spell |
Atypical absence | staring spell is accompanied by myoclonic jerks |
Myoclonic | extremely brief, single jerk |
atonic/drop attack | sudden , complete loss of muscle tone |
Cutaneous Pain | sensation of pain arising from the skin |
Visceral pain | pain usually arising from the internal organs |
Psychogenic | Occurs when tissue injury has occurred, and arises to prevent further injury |
Nonpalpable | freckle |
Palpable (solid) | Mole, fibroma |
Palpable (fluid filled) | Herpes, acne |
Erosion | Partial loss of epidermis |
Ulceration | loss of full epidermis |
Fissure | Split through all epidermal layers |
Atrophy | Thinning of the skin |
Excoriation | loss of outer skin layers due to scratching |
Crust | collection of serous exudates and debris on the surface of damaged outer skin |
Scale | compact portion of flaking stratum corneum |
Lichenification | epidermal thickening and roughening with visible furrows |
Scar | fibrous tissue replaces lost epidermal and dermal tissue |
Bacterial infections (3) | Impetigo, syphilis, leprosy |
Viral infections (2) | Verrucae, Herpes |
Fungal infections (2) | Dermatophytes, Candida albicans |
Verrucae | Warts |
Rubeola | 7 day measles |
Rubella | 3 day measles |
What does scarlet fever commonly occur after? | Strep throat |
Osteoarthritis | Morning stiffness for less than 30 min.
Increased pain with increased function
No inflammatory |
Infectious Arthritis | Wingle, warm, very swollen joint
Low grade fever, chills
Leukocytosis |
Rheumatoid Arthritis | Inflammatory
Cardiac manifestations |
Lupus Erythematous | arthralgia and synovitis
Deformities |
Scleroderma | Raynaud phenomenon
Bilateral hand and foot swelling
Thickening of skin |
Ankylosing Spondylitis | Low back pain |
Reactive Arthritis (Reiter syndrome) | Enthesitis, Iritis |
Gout | warm, red, tender joint
Sudden attack of pain
Urate crystals |
Adult onset still disease | High fever
rash on trunk and extremities |
Myopia | Elongated eye>nearsightedness |
Hyperopia | Shorter eye>Farsightedness |
Presbyopia | Loss of accommodative capacity |
Astigmatism | irregularity in curvature of the cornea or lens |
Dry/Atrophic macular degeneration | Degeneration of the outer retina, pigmented layer, and the choroid |
Wet/Exudative macular degeneration | rapid onset and severe>retinal capillaries dilate and become more permeable |
Osteomalacia | Deficits in mineralization of newly formed osteoid |
Paget disease | Initial excessive bone resorption is followed by excessive bone formation |
Osteomyelitis | Severe pyogenic infection of red marrow rich bones and local tissue |
Major cause of osteomyelitis | bloodstream |
Reiter syndrome effects (4) | Arthritis, urethritis, conjunctivitis, hyperkeratosis |
Pemphigus Hypersensitivity | Type II and III |
Eczema Hypersensitivity | Type I |
Contact Dermatitis Hypersensitivity | Type IV |
Vasculitis Hypersensitivity | Type III |