Question | Answer |
Q-Fever animal host? | Rats and Mice |
Death rate of mothers in delivery room decreased due to? | Semmelweis convinced Doctors to treat hands antiseptically |
Koch postulates established? | Specific micro-organism may be the cause of a disease under study. |
Microbiology the sudy of: | Prions, viruses, bacteria, fungi and parasites |
Smallest size visible using a light Microscope | 0.2 microns |
Electron Microscope allows to see viruses that are? | 0.03-0.3 microns |
Electron Microscope resolves to smallest possible micron: | TEM |
Macromolecules take the form of: | proteins, polysaccharides, nucleic acids and lipids |
polymeric molecules have: | many copies of a few chemical subunits |
Cell wall of bacterium made up of a substance called peptodoglycan which: | Multi-layer cross-linked structure of carbohydrates held together by peptide linkages |
Bacterium with a corkscrew coming out of it called: | flagellum |
Function of fimbriae is to: | attach to host cells |
Gram+ and Gram- differ in term of: | Number of cell envelope layers |
Function of the Golgi apparatus: | Package materials |
Function of Endoplasmic Reticulum | Fold and transport proteins |
When does a cell rely on endocytosis: | Encounter a large molecule it can use as energy source. |
Phagocyotic cells secrete enzymes that begin to breakdown materials? | False |
Soon as pseudopodium of phagocytic cell surrounds target it begins to digest the target? | Truce |
Lysosomes are: digestive organelles filled with biochemicals and enzymes? | Truce |
Flagessa and Cilia used for motility both made of what macromolecule? | Carbohydrate |
Symbiotic fungi obtain nutrients from where? | Other organisms and do not cause organism harm |
Heterotrophic organisms are those that? | Use organic carbon from other organisms |
Fuzzy mass of hyphae is called: | Mycelium |
How do yeast differ from molds? | Yeast single cell, molds multi cellular |
Hyaphe associated with what types of fungus? | Molds |
Cell walls of most fungi made of_____ which can be classified as_____ | chitin, polysaccharide |
Prostista Kingdom includes: | Algae, protozoa and Slime Molds |
Algae cell walls are made of: | Cellulose |
Flagellated protozoa are immobile: | False |
Difference between slime molds and water molds? | Water molds have flagellated reproductive cells. |
Lice can transmit? | Trench fever, epidemic typhus and relapsing fever. |
Yerisinia pestis causes: | Plague |
Dermacentor andersoni transmits? | Rickettsia rickettsii which causes Rocky Mtn Spotted fever. |
Viruses lack: | Cellular organelles |
Viruses contain: | Nucleic acid wrapped in protein coat. |
Viral infection cycle starts and end? | Attachment and release. |
Naked virus release from a cell by: | Cell lysis |
Lytic virus called a: | lysogen |
After carbon most element in microbes: | Oxygen |
Bacteria that does not need additional supplements? | Autotroph |
Bacteria found in Great Salt Lake area: | Halophiles |
Diffusion driven by process: | Browian motion |
Microbes responsible for most human disease: | Mesophiles |
Grows in high salt concentration: | Staphylococcus and Streptococcus |
Test for diptheria: | Schick test |
Prokaryote gene expression seen at what level? | Transcription |
When repressor protein binds to operator site within inducible system? | Transcription ceases, RNA polymease unable to bind to Promoter site. |
Genes normally turned on but can be turned off when advantageous to the cell called: | Repressible |
When levels of tryptophan are high: | The aopressor produced by the trp operon will be activated. |
When molecule of trypotophan binds with corresponding aopressor protein the resultin molecule is classified as an: | active repressor complex |
A protein not encoded by the lac operon system: | lac O |
The lac operon si a ______ system involved in the _______ of lactose | inducible and catabolism of lactose |
Specific biochemical pathway in a fungal cell, when end product of pathway present in ample amounts cells expression of this pathway repressed. This is known as: | Feedback inhibition |
Mutation most harmful to a cell: | Missense mutation |
Mutation that converts coding triplet to a stop codon: | Nonsense mutation |
Mutation deletion of 2 nucleotides: | frame shit deletion |
Auxotroph: | mutation that changes itsd phenotpye |
Mutation that causes lac operon to funtion incorrectly: | Regulatory mutation |
Ames test used: | Determine chemical causes mutation |
Gram- bacteria can transmit genes to Gram+ bacteria and vice-versa? | True |
Standard bacterial conjugation: | complete DNA sequence of donor cell transfered to recepient cell |
When bacterial gen transfer via transduction: | Donor cell has a pilus |
Fredrick Griffith famous experiment demonstrated which form of bacterial gene transfer? | Transformation |
What is meant when a bacterium is competent: | Has special transport proteins in cell membrane allow entry of DNA molecules |
A non-specific disenfecting agent: | biocide |
Hand washing removes what organisms: | transient |
Helicobacter pylori can tolderate what environment: | Acidic |
Penicillin works by: | Inhibiting growth of cell wall |
Test to check concentration of ABT that will impede bacteria growth: | Therapeutic index |
Microbes release endotoxins when: | damaged or lysed |
classified as a sequeale: | heart damage R/T strep throat |
When iron binding protein help protect body against infection? | Sequester iron so microbes can't use for nutrition |
classical pathway compliment system binds to C1 to bacterial bound antibodies then: | c4, c2, c3, c5 |
Deficient C3 experience affect complement system: | Classican or alternate pathway cannot function properly |
PMN's live 1-5 days? | True |
When histamines not release in adequate amounts what not functioning correctly? | Basophils |
Lymphocytes most fundamental of acquired immunity due to: | Ability to recognize antigens familiar to the body |
Antibody allergic reaction | IgE |
S.pyogens lack: | Outer membrane |
Patient with s/s of rheumatic fever need to inquire if pt. recently suffered from: | Strep throat |
Pt. difficulty breathing lab culture shows up Gram+ cocci sensitive to optochin most likely suffering from: | Streptocci pneumonia |
Most pathogenic fungi, 25% of deaths due to: | Cryptococcus |
Lab finding fungal infection r/t Cryptococcus in a patient: | Encapsulated yeast produce urease in blood or CSF |
Fungus exhibits thermal dimorphism means: | Exist in 2 morph forms each at different emp ranges |
pt. admitted to hospital suspected fungal pneumonia. found fungal balls in lungs and fungal infection in ears, most likely infected with: | Aspergillus fumigatus |
Pulmonary system diseases most associated with: | Phycomycetes species |
Pneumocystis carini was classified as a progozoan not classified as a | Fungus |
Typhoid fever systoms | bloody diarrhe3a, kidney failure and coma |
Diarrhea: Infantile, travelers, cystitis and bacterium: | Escherichia coli |
Food poisioning common cause: | Enterotoxins secreted by Staphylococcus |
HepB virus differes from othe hepatitis: | DNA virus others are a RNA virus |
Coxsackie virus causes gastroenteritis and | Aseptic meningitis |
Echovirus do not contain: | DNA |
Echovirus can cause: Gastroenteritis and | Resp. infections |
Blantidiasis diseases are due to: | Ciliates |
Helminths include: | Flatworm and roundworms |
Trichinosis cysts attach to intestines and: | diaphram and brain |
s/s of male gonorrhea | Inflammation of urethra, dysuria and inflammatory response |
Silver nitrate drops in Newborns eyes: | Protect against Neisserial conjunctivitis |
s/s 1st stage of syphyllis: | painless ulcer in genital area |
General paresis caused by long term infection of: | Treponema pallidum |
Most often diagnoses STD in the U.S. | chlamydia |
Treatment for Trachoma | Tetracycline |
Protozoans causes trichomoniasis: | Trichomonas vaginalis |
Identify protozoan that causes triachmoniasis: | Undulating membrane |
Helpful in the orevention of spread of anthrax | vaccinate and treat cattle |
E faecalis commonly ent the body through: | penetration of intestional tract |
c. perfringens cause: | Gas gangrene |
Skin diesase caused by fungi: | Mycoses |
HIgh risk of ______ if sharing hair brush: | infection by dermatophytes |
Candida in the lab look for: | See if it ferments carbohydrates |
Rose thron disease: | Sporotrichosis |
Yersinia pestis transmitte4d to humans: | Flease |
Epidemic typhus passed person to person by: | Deer flies |
Lyme disease: | Borrelia burgdorteri |
Typhus fever transmitted by lice | Rickettsia prowazekii |
Q fever transmitted by insects or fluids | C. burnetii |
arboviruses spread by: | Mosquito bites |
Epstein Barr virus effect on infected individual B lymphocytes | Causes cytoplasm to grown in the B lymphocytes |
Malaria sporozites become merozoites in the: | liver |
Merozites invade destruction by immune system by: | Change gene expression |
Testes flies transmit | Trypanosoma brucei |
s/s of trypanosoma brucei | change in sleep, fever, lalase, wasting |
Triatomid bugs take blood meal from: | face and lips |
Spread to humans by domestic cats: | Toxoplasmosis |
Retrovirus defined by: | Presence of reverse transcriptase |
gp160 do after attaches to T cells? | penetrates cell, uncoats self and releases viral RNA |
Can be added to ceral quickly and inexpensively for vitamins: | riboflavin and cyanocobalamine |
Shallow part of ocean | littoral zone |
Deepest part of ocean with stange animal life called: | abysal zone |
Microbes in soil function as: | recycling center for organic material in the soil |
necessary to convert gaseous nitrogen into nitrates through nitrogen fixation? | Plants and animals use nitrates without nitrogen fixastion all nitrogen would be in unusable gaseous form |
Proteins and amino acids that make up nitrogen are broken down into neuclotides process known as: | ammonification |
Germ theory of disease | Koch |
Bacterial motility by: | flagellum |
Bacteria that grows in absence of oxygen | obligate anarobe |
What gives bacterial cell wall its ridgidity | peptodoglycan |
Feeding form of Giardia lambia: | Tropozite |
Bacterial process of recombination of uptake of free DNA | Transformation |
Causes food illnesses | Staphylococcus aureus |
Causes GAS gangrene | Clostridium perfringes |
first to utilize aseptic technique in hospital | Lister |
Organism grows at 37 C | Mesophile |
Can fix nitrogen: | Cyanobacter |
Does NOT occur in infection cycle of viruses | Transformation |
When bacterophage becomes lysogenic it: | integrates its DNA does not immediately replicate |
Cellulose degraded by: | Cytophaga |
Virus that is latent in nerves of the head: | Herpes SimplexI |
During transcription: | DNA template used to form molecule of mRMA |
Eukaryote transcription look at: | the nucleus |
Why are operons valuable to bacterial cells: | Operons ensure cells products produced at same time in correct amounts |
Prokaryotes translation begins when: | 30sbinds near molecule of mRNA |
To alter rate of mRNA produced during experiment you need to: | add RNA polymerase |
Two major components of ribosomes | rRNA and protein |
Fredrick Griffith responsible for: | discovering "transforming principle" |
Oswald Avery determin that DNA served as genetic substance within cells: | transformation did not occur when cells treated wtih DNase |
DNA proofreading: | DNA polymease checks to see if nucleotides correct if not, removes and tries again. |
Prokaryotes gene expression seen at level: | Transcription |
Lac operon is a _____ system involved in _____ of lactose | inducible catabolism |
Mutation harmful to a cell: | Missence mutation |
Converts coding triplet into a stop codon | Nonsence mutation |
deletes 2 nucleotides | frame shift mutation |
cell carries mutation chnges its phenotype | auxotroph |
Gram+ bacteria may produce: | exotoxins |
Gram- bacteria may produce: | endotoxins, |
Eukaryotes include: | fungus, algae and protozoa |
Select media for AFB culture: | Lowenstein- Jensen or Middlebrook |
Select media for anarobi culture: | PRAS and LKV |
Gram- bacterial assoc with endocarditis | HACEK |
how to classify mycobacteria by growth rate: | Runyon |
AFB also know as fisherman wound | M. marium |
Select media for s. pneumoniae | Pkisk or Optochin |
Bacteria from uncooked poultry | c. jejuni |
Select media for c. diptheria (throat swab) | Elek testing |
Organism from wounds while salt water fishing | Vibrio |
Select media for Cryptococcus: | india ink prep |
Special media for cultivation of B. anthracis is: | PLET |
vector lice, Rickettesia prowazekii Gram- coccobacilli | Typhus fever |
vector mice, rats and fleas, yersinia pestis | Plague |
vector insects,
Gram- coccobacilli C. burnetii | Q. Fever |
vector tick da, rickettsia ricketsii | Rocky mtn. spotted fever |
vector tick bite burrelia burgdorteri | Lyme Disease |
Describe tRNA | tRNA 2 binding sites: amino acid and specific codon |
Bacteria in Salt Lake Region: | Halophiles |
Most microbes responsisble for human disease: | mesophiles |
Uses light as energy source: | Phototrophic |
Grows supplies with water and oxygen. no need for additional supplements: | autotroph |
When does bacteria come to end of log phase: | when nutrients available are limited |
Catabolic reaction: | treat with protease protein disassociates into amino acids |
DNA template used to form mRNA | transcription |
to view transcription in eukaryotic cell focus on: | nucleus |
Prokaryotes translation begins when: | 30s binds near mRNA |
translation concludes: | ribosome reaches stop codon on mRNA |
Prokaryotes gene expression seen at level: | transcription |
Mutation potentially harmful to a cell: | Missense Mutation |
Bacterial transduction possible: | up-take of free DNA by recipient cell |
Prokaryotic cells are: | haploid cells |
Eukaryotes cells are: | diploid cells |
gene: | DNA coding for single protein |
Genome: | collection of all genes in a cell |
DNA synthesis begins: | at origin of replication |
DNA proofreading: | by DNA polymerse |
Conjungation: | transfer sex pilus form bridge between two bacteria |
Treansformation: | gene transfer transports naked DNA through cell membran |
Transduction: | mediated by a bacteriophage |
Bactericides | kill bacteria |
fungicides: | kill fungi |
virocides: | kills viruses |
biocides: | non specific |
bacteriostatic | do not kill they inhibit |
bactericidal | kill bacteria |
Why Prokaryote less ridgid than EukaryotesL | lack sterols |
Tetracycline | 70s ribosomes |
Tes used to determine the MIC | Kirby-Bauer test |
Prokaryotes | have cell walls |
Gram+ | cell walls many layers of peptidoglycan |
Gram- | cell walls do not contain teichoic acids |
Mycoplasm | smallest bacterium outside living host |
Archea | always lack peptidoglycan |
hypotonic | water moves into cell |
hypertonic | water moves out of cell |
Most bacteria live in: | hypertonic solution |
can be killed by ABT | prokaryote cells |
Eukaryotes: | algae, protozoa, fungi, plants and animals |
Cytsol | fluid portion of cytoplasm |
cisterns | flattened membrane sacs of Endoplasmic Reticulum |
ER | Synthesizes phospholipids fats and sterols |
Golgi comples: | function to package susbtances in vesicles for transport |
Mitochondia | organelles that can rproduce mor or less on their own |
Bacteria transformation | Genes transfered from one gene to another as "naked" DNA |
competence: | alterations in cell wall make it permable to large DNA molecules |
conjungation | requires cell to cell contact |
F factor | Fertility factor plasmid in donor cell in conjugation |
Transduction | via DNA bacteriophage from donor to recipients via a virus that infect the bacteriophage |
Transcription requires: | RNA polymerase |
Affects the skin rare can cause pneumonia and bone infections | Staphyloccal aureus |
Staphyloccal auresus ______ helps evade the immune system | Protein A, prevents development of acquired immunity |
Anthrax | Bacillus anthraces |
Leprosy | Mycobacterium leprae |
Gas gangrene | c. perfringens |
Persorated intestine | Enterococcus faecalis |
Smallpox s/s | flat red spots turn into blisters and pustules lesions painful and leave scars |
Warts | papilloma virus |
herpes virus | envelped DNA virus replicate in the nucleus |
HSV - 1 | causes oral lesions recurrent cold sores, latent in neuron |
HSV -2 | affects the genitals |
Herpes 6 | Roseola rash, CNS seizures, parents transmit to children |
Herpes 7 | 70% of children by age 8. affects t cells |
herpes 8 | Karposi sarcoma brown lesions on skin |
Sporotrichosis | Rose thron disease |
Helminths include: | flatworms and roundworms |
helminth under microscope as male and female reproductive organs: | flatworm |
long slender moves by whipping themselves back and forth: | roundworm trichuris trichiura |
Epstein-Barr virus on B lympocytes | growth of cytoplasm of B lympocytes |
Lice transmit: | Trench fever, epidemic typhus and relapsing fever |
Lease Yersinia pestis transmit: | Plague |
Codons are: | triplet or three ribonucleotides n a row |
Bacteria that lost ability to grow on specific sugars: | auxotrophs |
carbon from organic compound | heterotroph |
Diatoms | decontaminate water supplies |
When bacteria becomes losogenic it: | integrate |
Protista kingdom | Algae, protozoa and slime molds |
Microorganism that multiplies by budding: | Candida albicans |
Staphylococci and be differeniated from Streptococci by: | Catalase test |
Gram stain of sputum showed many gram positive diplocci. organism most likely: | Diploccus pneumoniae |
Organism that causes syphilis: | Treponema pallidum |
Rocky mountain spotted fever caused by: | rickettsia |
tine tes is for: | tuberculosis |
equivalent of 0.04g is: | 40mg |
indicates fecal contamination: | Escherichis coli |
synonym vor vaccinia: | cowpox |
acid fast stain is generally associated with the diagnosis of: | tuberculosis |
in acid fast stain the bacteria are stained: | red |
Neisseria gonorrhea described morphologically as: | diplococcus |
cholera is an example of ____ disease | intestinal |
disease usually caused by wound infection | tetanus |
disease ususaly transmitted from animanl to man is: | rabies |
Staphylococcus aureus causes: | food associated illneses |
Clostridium perfringens causes: | Gas gangrene |
Organism grows well at 37 c | mesophile |
can fix nitrogen: | cyanobacter |
does NOT occur in infection cycle of all viruses: | transformation |
B-lactamases makes bacteria resistant to PCN by: | enzymatically degrading the drug |
Long lived cell: | macrophage |
Severe congenital disease caused by: | rubella |
Red rash head and trunk moves out to extremities last aprox 7 days. | Measles |
Cellulose degraded by: | cytophaga |
ER | fold snd transport: synthesizes phosopholipids, fats and sterols |
Cryptococcus select media: | India ink prep |
b. antracis select media: | PLET |
anarobic culture select media: | PRAS and LKV |
Flurogvinolone inhibits: | DNA synthesis |
Viroid: | naked infectious piece of RNA |
Helminth | Multicellular organism, has a mouth lives in animal host |
Bacteria on the outside of a protozoan do what: | propel it |
Trachoma | greatest cause of blindness |
HAECK | Granm- bacteria assoc with endocarditis |
Prokaryotic cells are: | haploid |
Antibodies can fix complement: | IgM and IgG |
Transcription: | DNA copied to RNA |
used to identify bacteria carrying specific gene: | Southern blot test |
Patient with an inherited type of colon cancer..mutation gene codes for: | apoptosis |
Mycoplasma | produces small "fried-egg" colonies on medium containing horse serum |
Primary infection called: | Initial infection |
Halophiles | Spoil freshwater trout preserved with salt |
3rd step in Direct ELISA test: | Antihuman immune serum |
Characteristics for pseudomonas are: | GNB non-fermenter, and osidase positive |
Transport medium for most intestinal bacterial pathogens: | Cary-Blair |
s. pneumoniae | P.disk or optochin has large zone: GPC is: |
"chinese letters" | Elek testing for toxigenicity |
On basis of optimum growth temperatures, pathogenic bacteria are generally classified: | mesophiles |
Bacteria that do not have flagella are called: | atrichous |
Spherical organisms appearing in grapelike clusters are characteristic of the: | staphylococci |
Generally considered to be caused by aerobic, spore-forming bacilli is: | anthrax |
The fertile hen's egg is generally used as a medium for the cultivation of: | viruses |
The brewer method is used in culturing: | anaerobes |
Most pathogenic bacteria generally grow best in media that are | slightly alkaline |
dark field method widely used in examionation of: | spirochetes |
Dick test used for: | scarlet fever |
oxidase test generally used in identification of: | gonococci |
Ziehl-Neelsen method used in staining bacteria for: | acid-fastness |
microtome used in laboratory to: | section tissues |
Wasserman test used in diagnosis of syphilis is a: | complement fixation reaction |
In gram stain acetone alcohol mixture used as a: | decolorizing agent |
using low power objective instead of other in compound microscope: | larger field obtained |
average size of a single staphylococcus is: | 1 micron |
Amebiasis caused by: | protozoa |
athletes foot caused by: | fungus |
Brucellosis | rickettsia |
Bubonic plague | rickettsia |
Dengue | virus |
Diptheria | rickettsia |
Malaria | protozoq |
measles | virus |
Q fever | bacterium |
Smallpox | virus |
Typhus fever | bacterium |
Yellow fever | virus |
BCG vaccine used to produce immunity against: | tuberculosis |
immunity in individuals who have recovered from measles: | naturally acquired active |
important characteristic of exotoxins is their: | specific toxic effect |
Breed method generally used in: | milk bacteriology |
Kauffman-White scheme used in classification of: | salmonella |
Schick test used to determine susceptibility to: | diptheria |
negative result in the complement fixation test is indicated when ther is_______ hemolysis: | complete |
Treponema described as: | spiral forms |
Neisseria gonorrheae described as: | diplococcus |
organism having a single flagellum at one pole is: | monotrichous |
cholera is an example of ______ disease | intestinal |
penicillin obtained from: | fungi |
chloromycetin obtained from: | actinomycetes |
Vibrio comma described as: | curved rod |
Most pathogenic bacteria are: | facultative anaerobes |
Multiplication of bacteria is usually by: | binary fission |
Most microorganisms grow best at a ph of: | 7.5 |
acid fast stain generally assoc with diagnosis of: | tuberculosis |
gram positive bacteria are stained: | violet |
acid fast staining, acid fast bacteria are stained: | red |
Most pathogenic bacteria are: | facultative anaerobes |
a micron is equal to: | 1/25,000 of an inch |
Circle shape bacteria are known as: | cocci |
CHIEF use of the darkfield microscope is diagnosis of: | syphilis |
Acid fast bacilli are difficult to stain because of: | wax like covering |
term mycotic most nearly means: | fungal |
Methylene blue commonly used of smears for: | diptheria bacilli |