Question | Answer |
Drug | any substance other than food that alters the structure or functioning of a living organism when it enters the bloodstream |
Drug Abuse | occurs when acceptable social standers of drug use are violated, resulting in adverse psychological, and or social consequences |
Drug Addiction | refers to a condition in which drug use is compulsive. Users are unable to stop because of their dependency |
Symbolic interactionism | emphasizes the importance of definitions and labeling, concentrates on the social meanings associated with drug use |
Harm reduction | position which focuses on minimizing the costs of drug use for both user and society |
Deregulation | reduction of government control of certain drugs |
Legalization | of drugs affirm the right of adults to make an informed choice |
Decriminalization | removing of penalties for certain drugs, would promote a medical rather than criminal approach to drug use that would encourage drug users to seek help |
Restorative justice | repairing the victim-offender-community relation in direct response to the concerns of the criminal justice system that encourages offenders to deny, justify, or avoid taking responsibility for their actions |
Probation | entails the conditional release of an offender who for a specific time period and subject to certain conditions remains under court supervision in the community |
Deterrence | the use of harm or the threat of harm to prevent unwanted behaviors |
Situational crime prevention | crime could be prevented by minimizing the opportunity for its occurrence |
Status offense | a violation such as truancy, underage drinking, or running away from home |
Delinquent offense | - would be considered a crime if committed by an adult |
Corporate crime | corporations violate the law in the interest of maximizing profit |
Corporate violence | production of unsafe products and the failure of corporation to provide a safe working environment for their employees result of negligence |
Fastest growing | computer crime |
White collar crime | individuals commit crimes in the course of their employment |
Organized Crime | criminal activity conducted by members of hierarchically arranged structure devoted primarily to making money through illegal means |
Vice crimes | are victimless crimes include illegal drugs, prostitution, pornography, illegal gambling |
Property crime | someone’s property is damaged, destroyed or stolen |
Classic rape | rapist is a stranger who used a weapon and the attack results in bodily harm |
Acquaintance rapes | - rapes committed by someone the victim knows |
Differential association | through interaction with others, individuals learns the values and attitudes associated with crime as well as the techniques and motivations for criminal behavior |
Secondary deviance | results from being caught and labeled |
Primary deviance | committed before a person is caught and labeled a offender |
Labeling Theory | How do crime and deviance come to be defined as such and what are the effects of being labeled criminal or deviant? |
Conflict Perspective | deviance is inevitable whenever two groups have differing degrees of power, the more inequality in a society the greater the crime rate. |
Control Theory | a strong social bond between individuals and the social order constrains some individuals from violating social norms |
Sub cultural theories | certain groups or subcultures in society have values and attitudes that are conducive to crime and violence |
Ritualism | : individual accepts a lifestyle of hard work but rejects the cultural goal of monetary rewards |
Rebellion | : substitutes new goals or means that differ from societies |
Retreatist | withdraws or retreats from society through alcohol, drugs, or vagrancy |
Structural-Functionalist Perspective | crime is functional for society. Crime strengthens group cohesion can lead to social change |
Strain Theory | argues that when legitimate means of acquiring culturally defined goals are limited by the structure of society, the resulting strain, may lead to crime |
Self- Report Offender Surveys | ask offenders about their criminal behavior but may be subject to exaggerations and concealment |
Victimization Surveys | ask people whether they have been victims of crime-provide less reliable data on offenders |
Transnational crime | “organized criminal activity across one or more national borders”. Is induced by recent trends in globalization i.e. enhanced transportation and communication technologies |
Clearance rates | measure the percentage of cases in which an arrest and official charge have been made and the case has been turned over to the courts |
theft | most common crime commited |