Question | Answer |
What is urine normally? | Sterile |
What is the primary bacteria in the vagina | Lactobacillus spp. |
Lactobacillus spp. can produce | lactic acid |
What can lactobacillus spp. maintain? | pH |
lactobacillus inhibits most ______? | microbes |
Lactobacillus produces ____ which also inhibits _____. | H202, growth |
Estrogen promotes growth of? | lactobacillus spp. |
Candid albicans is found in what %? | 10-25% |
Pregnant and menopausal women =? | high rate UTI. |
Why do pregant women have a high rate of uti? | because a decrease in estrogen |
The male urethra is usually | sterile, except microbes near external opening. |
What is UTI usually triggered by? | inflammation of urethra |
What is a serious complication of UTI? | The UTI can move to the kidneys |
How many UTI are in the USA per year? | 7 million and many are nosocomail. |
what are many of the UTI due to? | the proximity to the anus |
this bacteria is prominent what am I? | intestinal bacteria |
what is the most common bacteria that will cause UTI. | e.coli, & Psuedomonas spp. |
what is cystitis? | inflammation of urinary bladder |
what is sign and symptom of cystitis? | difficult, painful urination |
you may have pyuria with this ______ and what is pyuria? | Cystitis, pus in the urine |
what is the main bug that causes cystitis? | E.coli |
What is the other main bug that can cause Cystitis? | Staphylococcus saprophyticus |
What is pyelonephritis? | inflammation of one or both kidneys |
what is pyelonephritis usually caused from? | untreated cystitis |
What is the main symptom for pyelonephritis | pain in the back or flank pain |
Pyelonephritis is usually a complication of the _______ UTI. ____% is _____, and can result in______. | lower, 75, e.coli, bacteremia |
If pyelonephritis is chronic it can cause formation of ________ and severe impairing function of the __________ | scar tissue, kidneys |
this is the most common notifiable disease in the US? | Gonorrhea |
what is the bug for gonorrhea? | Nesseria gonorroeae |
what is the percent and age group that is gets Gonorrhea? | 60% and 15-24 years of age |
Neisseria gonorroheae is a gram ____ _____. | gram negative diplococci |
Neisseria gonorroheae attaches the the epithelial cells by? | fimbrie |
Neisseria gonorroheae invades spaces between? | columnar epi cells |
Gonorrhea can also be found in? | oral pharyngeal area, eyes, rectum, urethra, opening of cervix. |
Gonorrhea can lead to_____ and _____ formation | infalmmation and pus |
Infection rate from single exposure in men for gonorrhea is? | 20-35% |
infection rate from single exposure in women for gonorrhea is? | 60-90% |
Gonorrhea symptoms differ in men and women in men what is the symptoms? | painful urination, pus formation, 80% show symptoms after just a few days, and common comlication is urethritis. |
what is the symptoms of Gonorrhea in women? | more insidious, only in cervix which makes few aware of infection. |
what happens later in the disease of gonorrhea in women if left undiagnosed? | abdominal pain and Pelvic inflammatory disease |
If gonorrhea is untreated it can? | disseminate adn become septic |
what is it called when gonorrhea is found in infant eyes during birht? | opthalmia neonatorum |
Gonorrhea is transmitted at any point of ___ ____ and has no _______. | sexual contact, adaptive immunity |
How do you diagnosis gonorrhea in men | Gram (-) diplococci (GNDC) in pus from urethra. diplococci within the wbc, and culture on the Thayer martin media which increases in CO2 is needed |
infants recieve this after birth | silver nitrate |
what is NGU? | Nongonococcal Urethritis (CLAP) |
Nongonococcal urethritis is caused by? | Chlamydia trachomatis |
this is 5x more prevalent in women. | Nongonococcal urethritis |
in women Nongonococcal urethritis may cause? | (PID) pelvic inflammotory disease |
nongonococcal urethritis may infect infants during birth by causing? | eye infection or pneumonia |
70% of men and 50% of women may be asymptomatic with this diseases what am I? | Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) |
symptoms of NGU include | painful urination, and watery discharge |
how do you diagnose NGU? | amplified probe (CTNG probe) can use urine but swabs work best. |
what does CTNG stand for? | Chlamydia trachomatis, and Neisseria gonorroheae |
What does PID stand for? | Pelvic inflammatory disease |
what is PID? | extensive bacterial infection in female pelvic organs. |
these three can cause PID what are they? | gonorrhea, chlamydia & trichanella |
PID may cause salpingitis what is salpingitis? | infalmmation of fallopian tubes |
Salpingitis may cause | scarring and leads to sterility |
if the uterine tube is blocked due to PID could cause | ectopic pregnancy |
how do you diagnosis PID? | Signs and Symptoms and Culture |
what is Syphilis caused by? | Treponema pallidium |
Treponema pallidium is very ____ & tightly _____. it is also difficult to _____. | thin, coiled, stain |
treponema pallidium produces several | lipoproteins |
syphilis induces ______ response and leads to _____ distruction. | inflammatory, tissue |
In syphilis the treponema pallidium immediately enters the | blood stream |
Syphilis can invade | deep tissue |
infection with syphilis can result in | significant immunity |
syphilis is transmitted by | sexual contact |
in the primary stage of syphilis a small hard chancre at infection site comes about when does this happen. | 10-90 days after exposure |
Painless exudate of serum at center, lesion disappears, and bacteria enters bloodstream and lymph system what stage of syphilis am I? | Primary stage of syphilis |
this rash is especially seen on plams and soles what bug is this associated with | Syphilis |
several wekks after primary, symptoms tend to resolve in 3 weeks, and skini rash may appear what stage of syphilis am I | secondary stage |
in this stage of syphilis you have loss of patches of hair, and may have neurological symptoms and is considered a mild stage what stage am I. | Secondary stage |
in this stage od syphilis you have no symptoms, and after 2-4 years your not infective and majority of cases don't progress beyond latency . | latent period |
you may still pass this disease in child bith from mother to child | syphilis in the latent period |
in this stage of syphilis you may enter latent stage w/o treatment, and 25% untreated cases lead to this. | tertiary stage |
you may have a cell mediated immune response due to surviving spirochetes with this stage of syphilis | Tertiary stage |
tertiary stage classified on? | infected tissue and lesion type |
gummatous syphillis | gummas, progressive inflammation rubbery masses of tissue in multiple organs |
this is seen after 15 years and causes localized tissue destruction | gummatous syphilis |
cardiovascular syphilis | weaking of aorta, and now rare with antibiotics |
neurosyphilis | infects CNS, widely varies S/S |
this degree of syphilis is rare to available treatment what degree am I? | 3rd degree |
Congenital syphilis | most distressing and dangerous |
transmitted across the placenta | congenital syphilis |
damages mental development and leads to neurological symptoms | congenital syphilis |
this is most common if mother is in latent stage | congenital syphilis |
treatment of mother during first 2 trimesters usually prevents this disease | congenital syphilis |
diagnosis of syphilis | complex and different requirements depending on stage. |
microscopic, nontreponemal serological tests and treponemal serological tests are all tests that can be done for | syphilis |
in the first stage of syphilis you would use this test | microscopic because spirochetes can be seen in exudates, use dark field microscopy and may use DFA stains |
this is how you would diagnosis syphilis in its 2nd stage | nontreponomal serological test, |
these test detects 99% of 2nd degree cases of syphilis | nontreponomal serological tests |
what are some examples of serological tests that can be done for stage 2 of syphilis | VDRL, modified RPR, and elisa |
what tests can be done in the 3rd degree stage of syphilis | treponemal serological tests |
treponemal serological tests are specific and enzyme immunoassay, rapid tests | treponemal serological tests |
FTA-ABS | fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test and not used for screening. |
bacterial vaginosis | inflammation of vagina |
most often this bug causes bacterial vaginosis | Gardnerella vaginalis |
Gardnerella vaginalis is a small ______ gram () rod. | pleomorphic (v) |
characteristics of bacterial vaginosis are | vaginal pH > 4.5, copious, frothy discharge, fishy odor with addition of potassium hydroxide (KOH) |
Bacterial Vaginosis ecology is not well known but is believed that | something decreases amount of lactobacillus, and allows for g. vaginalis to proliferate |
this can be found in the maile urethra but now known to cause disease | Gardnerella vaginalis |
how would you diagnose bacterial vaginosis | vagina pH, fishy odor, clue cells, & Genital affirm |
tell me 2 things about clue cells | slothed vaginal cells covered in biofilm, and see many gram (v) rods |
Bacterial vaginosis is more of nuisance than infection but can be factos in these two things. | premature birth, and low birth weight |
Genital herpes is known as the | herpes Simplex virus 2 |
1 in ___ over ____ are infected | 4 over 30 |
gental lesion appears, vesicles appear, painful urination, walking and clothing uncomfortable and vescles form a head what am I symptoms of? | Genital herpes |
this can be infectious without symptoms or lesion, and semen may contain this, which make condoms of little use | Genital herpes, virus |
this ____ is distressing due to re-occurance | virus |
herpes virus enter _____ long latent stage | life |
you may have several re-occurances per year, and re-occurances are seen more in men then women, aprox 90% have re-occurance | Herpes Simplex virus 2 |
you would use these tools to diagnosis genital herpes | culture of virus from vesicle, PCR, and if no lesion- serological tests |
is there any treatment for Genital herpes | yes there is treatment but no cure |
what is the goal with genital herpes | goal is to supress, antiviral drugs such as acyclovir, and famciclovir are given |
~1500 cases per year | Neonatal herpes |
neonatal herpes can cross the placental barrier and these could result from this | spontaneous abortion, serious fetal damage such as mental retardation, and defective hearing and vision |
fetal consequences most severe if first infectionis during pregnancy | neonatal herpes |
fetus is infected if virus is grown from the amniotic fluid | neonatal herpes |
If virus free the baby needs protection during passage through the birthing canal and may require a? | ceasarean section |
Gental warts | human papillomavirus |
some warts are extremely _____ & _____. | large and warty |
some warts are ____ & _____ | smooth and flat |
viable warts are caused by serotype | 6 & 11 |
serotype ____ & _____ causes cancer | 16 & 18 |
treatment of genital warts | applied gels podofilox, and imiquimod |
can genital warts be cured | no |
what is the percentage that is clear within 2 years with genital warts | 90% |
the vaccine for human papillomavirus is effective against which serotypes? | 6,11,16 & 18 |
Candidiasis | yeast infection |
common cause of Candidiasis is | Candida albicans |
there is a more resistant form what is it | candida glabrata |
where can candidiasis grow | mucous membrane of mouth, intestinal tract and GU tract |
Candidiasis is usually | opportunistic lesion similiar to thrush |
Candidiasis can be irritating by causing these | severe itching, yellow cheesy discharge, and yeasty or no odor |
what are some predisposing conditions for Candidiasis | oral contraceptives and pregancy, hormones, uncontrolled diabetes and use of broad spectrum ABT |
How can you diagnose Candidiasis | microscopic ID with vaginal scrapings, culture, and genital affirm |
what is the treatment of Candidiasis | topicasl application of nonperscription antifungals, i.e. clotrimazole, and miconazole or a single dose of oral antifungal Fluconazole |
Trichmoniasis | protozoan infection |
trichmoniasis is caused by | tricomonas vaginalis |
frequant normal inhavitant is | vagina of women and urethra of men |
Trichmoniasis is considered a? | STI |
Trichmoniasis is often seen with co-infection of | Gonnorehea |
trichmoniasis is an accumulation of? | leukocytes at infection site |
The infection of leukocytes can result in | profuse discharge, greenish yellow, foul odor, |
in this dieses symptoms are rare in men | trichmoniasis |
1/2 of people that are infected with trichmoniasis are? | asymptommatic |
to diagnose trichmoniasis you must perform these tests. | microscopic exam of discharge, trich prep, genital affirm, and can be found in seman or urine in males |
many diseases cause birth defects and there is a prescreen for antibodies what is known as | the TORCH Panal |
The T in torch stands for | Tocoplamosis |
The O in torch stands for | other tests such as syphilis, hep b, epstein Barr, varicella zoster |
the R n torch stand for | Rubella |
The C in torch stands for | Cytomagalovirus |
The H in torch stands for | Herpes Simplex virus |