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Test 4 Micro
Final test in micro
| Question | Answer |
|---|---|
| What is urine normally? | Sterile |
| What is the primary bacteria in the vagina | Lactobacillus spp. |
| Lactobacillus spp. can produce | lactic acid |
| What can lactobacillus spp. maintain? | pH |
| lactobacillus inhibits most ______? | microbes |
| Lactobacillus produces ____ which also inhibits _____. | H202, growth |
| Estrogen promotes growth of? | lactobacillus spp. |
| Candid albicans is found in what %? | 10-25% |
| Pregnant and menopausal women =? | high rate UTI. |
| Why do pregant women have a high rate of uti? | because a decrease in estrogen |
| The male urethra is usually | sterile, except microbes near external opening. |
| What is UTI usually triggered by? | inflammation of urethra |
| What is a serious complication of UTI? | The UTI can move to the kidneys |
| How many UTI are in the USA per year? | 7 million and many are nosocomail. |
| what are many of the UTI due to? | the proximity to the anus |
| this bacteria is prominent what am I? | intestinal bacteria |
| what is the most common bacteria that will cause UTI. | e.coli, & Psuedomonas spp. |
| what is cystitis? | inflammation of urinary bladder |
| what is sign and symptom of cystitis? | difficult, painful urination |
| you may have pyuria with this ______ and what is pyuria? | Cystitis, pus in the urine |
| what is the main bug that causes cystitis? | E.coli |
| What is the other main bug that can cause Cystitis? | Staphylococcus saprophyticus |
| What is pyelonephritis? | inflammation of one or both kidneys |
| what is pyelonephritis usually caused from? | untreated cystitis |
| What is the main symptom for pyelonephritis | pain in the back or flank pain |
| Pyelonephritis is usually a complication of the _______ UTI. ____% is _____, and can result in______. | lower, 75, e.coli, bacteremia |
| If pyelonephritis is chronic it can cause formation of ________ and severe impairing function of the __________ | scar tissue, kidneys |
| this is the most common notifiable disease in the US? | Gonorrhea |
| what is the bug for gonorrhea? | Nesseria gonorroeae |
| what is the percent and age group that is gets Gonorrhea? | 60% and 15-24 years of age |
| Neisseria gonorroheae is a gram ____ _____. | gram negative diplococci |
| Neisseria gonorroheae attaches the the epithelial cells by? | fimbrie |
| Neisseria gonorroheae invades spaces between? | columnar epi cells |
| Gonorrhea can also be found in? | oral pharyngeal area, eyes, rectum, urethra, opening of cervix. |
| Gonorrhea can lead to_____ and _____ formation | infalmmation and pus |
| Infection rate from single exposure in men for gonorrhea is? | 20-35% |
| infection rate from single exposure in women for gonorrhea is? | 60-90% |
| Gonorrhea symptoms differ in men and women in men what is the symptoms? | painful urination, pus formation, 80% show symptoms after just a few days, and common comlication is urethritis. |
| what is the symptoms of Gonorrhea in women? | more insidious, only in cervix which makes few aware of infection. |
| what happens later in the disease of gonorrhea in women if left undiagnosed? | abdominal pain and Pelvic inflammatory disease |
| If gonorrhea is untreated it can? | disseminate adn become septic |
| what is it called when gonorrhea is found in infant eyes during birht? | opthalmia neonatorum |
| Gonorrhea is transmitted at any point of ___ ____ and has no _______. | sexual contact, adaptive immunity |
| How do you diagnosis gonorrhea in men | Gram (-) diplococci (GNDC) in pus from urethra. diplococci within the wbc, and culture on the Thayer martin media which increases in CO2 is needed |
| infants recieve this after birth | silver nitrate |
| what is NGU? | Nongonococcal Urethritis (CLAP) |
| Nongonococcal urethritis is caused by? | Chlamydia trachomatis |
| this is 5x more prevalent in women. | Nongonococcal urethritis |
| in women Nongonococcal urethritis may cause? | (PID) pelvic inflammotory disease |
| nongonococcal urethritis may infect infants during birth by causing? | eye infection or pneumonia |
| 70% of men and 50% of women may be asymptomatic with this diseases what am I? | Nongonococcal urethritis (NGU) |
| symptoms of NGU include | painful urination, and watery discharge |
| how do you diagnose NGU? | amplified probe (CTNG probe) can use urine but swabs work best. |
| what does CTNG stand for? | Chlamydia trachomatis, and Neisseria gonorroheae |
| What does PID stand for? | Pelvic inflammatory disease |
| what is PID? | extensive bacterial infection in female pelvic organs. |
| these three can cause PID what are they? | gonorrhea, chlamydia & trichanella |
| PID may cause salpingitis what is salpingitis? | infalmmation of fallopian tubes |
| Salpingitis may cause | scarring and leads to sterility |
| if the uterine tube is blocked due to PID could cause | ectopic pregnancy |
| how do you diagnosis PID? | Signs and Symptoms and Culture |
| what is Syphilis caused by? | Treponema pallidium |
| Treponema pallidium is very ____ & tightly _____. it is also difficult to _____. | thin, coiled, stain |
| treponema pallidium produces several | lipoproteins |
| syphilis induces ______ response and leads to _____ distruction. | inflammatory, tissue |
| In syphilis the treponema pallidium immediately enters the | blood stream |
| Syphilis can invade | deep tissue |
| infection with syphilis can result in | significant immunity |
| syphilis is transmitted by | sexual contact |
| in the primary stage of syphilis a small hard chancre at infection site comes about when does this happen. | 10-90 days after exposure |
| Painless exudate of serum at center, lesion disappears, and bacteria enters bloodstream and lymph system what stage of syphilis am I? | Primary stage of syphilis |
| this rash is especially seen on plams and soles what bug is this associated with | Syphilis |
| several wekks after primary, symptoms tend to resolve in 3 weeks, and skini rash may appear what stage of syphilis am I | secondary stage |
| in this stage of syphilis you have loss of patches of hair, and may have neurological symptoms and is considered a mild stage what stage am I. | Secondary stage |
| in this stage od syphilis you have no symptoms, and after 2-4 years your not infective and majority of cases don't progress beyond latency . | latent period |
| you may still pass this disease in child bith from mother to child | syphilis in the latent period |
| in this stage of syphilis you may enter latent stage w/o treatment, and 25% untreated cases lead to this. | tertiary stage |
| you may have a cell mediated immune response due to surviving spirochetes with this stage of syphilis | Tertiary stage |
| tertiary stage classified on? | infected tissue and lesion type |
| gummatous syphillis | gummas, progressive inflammation rubbery masses of tissue in multiple organs |
| this is seen after 15 years and causes localized tissue destruction | gummatous syphilis |
| cardiovascular syphilis | weaking of aorta, and now rare with antibiotics |
| neurosyphilis | infects CNS, widely varies S/S |
| this degree of syphilis is rare to available treatment what degree am I? | 3rd degree |
| Congenital syphilis | most distressing and dangerous |
| transmitted across the placenta | congenital syphilis |
| damages mental development and leads to neurological symptoms | congenital syphilis |
| this is most common if mother is in latent stage | congenital syphilis |
| treatment of mother during first 2 trimesters usually prevents this disease | congenital syphilis |
| diagnosis of syphilis | complex and different requirements depending on stage. |
| microscopic, nontreponemal serological tests and treponemal serological tests are all tests that can be done for | syphilis |
| in the first stage of syphilis you would use this test | microscopic because spirochetes can be seen in exudates, use dark field microscopy and may use DFA stains |
| this is how you would diagnosis syphilis in its 2nd stage | nontreponomal serological test, |
| these test detects 99% of 2nd degree cases of syphilis | nontreponomal serological tests |
| what are some examples of serological tests that can be done for stage 2 of syphilis | VDRL, modified RPR, and elisa |
| what tests can be done in the 3rd degree stage of syphilis | treponemal serological tests |
| treponemal serological tests are specific and enzyme immunoassay, rapid tests | treponemal serological tests |
| FTA-ABS | fluorescent treponemal antibody absorption test and not used for screening. |
| bacterial vaginosis | inflammation of vagina |
| most often this bug causes bacterial vaginosis | Gardnerella vaginalis |
| Gardnerella vaginalis is a small ______ gram () rod. | pleomorphic (v) |
| characteristics of bacterial vaginosis are | vaginal pH > 4.5, copious, frothy discharge, fishy odor with addition of potassium hydroxide (KOH) |
| Bacterial Vaginosis ecology is not well known but is believed that | something decreases amount of lactobacillus, and allows for g. vaginalis to proliferate |
| this can be found in the maile urethra but now known to cause disease | Gardnerella vaginalis |
| how would you diagnose bacterial vaginosis | vagina pH, fishy odor, clue cells, & Genital affirm |
| tell me 2 things about clue cells | slothed vaginal cells covered in biofilm, and see many gram (v) rods |
| Bacterial vaginosis is more of nuisance than infection but can be factos in these two things. | premature birth, and low birth weight |
| Genital herpes is known as the | herpes Simplex virus 2 |
| 1 in ___ over ____ are infected | 4 over 30 |
| gental lesion appears, vesicles appear, painful urination, walking and clothing uncomfortable and vescles form a head what am I symptoms of? | Genital herpes |
| this can be infectious without symptoms or lesion, and semen may contain this, which make condoms of little use | Genital herpes, virus |
| this ____ is distressing due to re-occurance | virus |
| herpes virus enter _____ long latent stage | life |
| you may have several re-occurances per year, and re-occurances are seen more in men then women, aprox 90% have re-occurance | Herpes Simplex virus 2 |
| you would use these tools to diagnosis genital herpes | culture of virus from vesicle, PCR, and if no lesion- serological tests |
| is there any treatment for Genital herpes | yes there is treatment but no cure |
| what is the goal with genital herpes | goal is to supress, antiviral drugs such as acyclovir, and famciclovir are given |
| ~1500 cases per year | Neonatal herpes |
| neonatal herpes can cross the placental barrier and these could result from this | spontaneous abortion, serious fetal damage such as mental retardation, and defective hearing and vision |
| fetal consequences most severe if first infectionis during pregnancy | neonatal herpes |
| fetus is infected if virus is grown from the amniotic fluid | neonatal herpes |
| If virus free the baby needs protection during passage through the birthing canal and may require a? | ceasarean section |
| Gental warts | human papillomavirus |
| some warts are extremely _____ & _____. | large and warty |
| some warts are ____ & _____ | smooth and flat |
| viable warts are caused by serotype | 6 & 11 |
| serotype ____ & _____ causes cancer | 16 & 18 |
| treatment of genital warts | applied gels podofilox, and imiquimod |
| can genital warts be cured | no |
| what is the percentage that is clear within 2 years with genital warts | 90% |
| the vaccine for human papillomavirus is effective against which serotypes? | 6,11,16 & 18 |
| Candidiasis | yeast infection |
| common cause of Candidiasis is | Candida albicans |
| there is a more resistant form what is it | candida glabrata |
| where can candidiasis grow | mucous membrane of mouth, intestinal tract and GU tract |
| Candidiasis is usually | opportunistic lesion similiar to thrush |
| Candidiasis can be irritating by causing these | severe itching, yellow cheesy discharge, and yeasty or no odor |
| what are some predisposing conditions for Candidiasis | oral contraceptives and pregancy, hormones, uncontrolled diabetes and use of broad spectrum ABT |
| How can you diagnose Candidiasis | microscopic ID with vaginal scrapings, culture, and genital affirm |
| what is the treatment of Candidiasis | topicasl application of nonperscription antifungals, i.e. clotrimazole, and miconazole or a single dose of oral antifungal Fluconazole |
| Trichmoniasis | protozoan infection |
| trichmoniasis is caused by | tricomonas vaginalis |
| frequant normal inhavitant is | vagina of women and urethra of men |
| Trichmoniasis is considered a? | STI |
| Trichmoniasis is often seen with co-infection of | Gonnorehea |
| trichmoniasis is an accumulation of? | leukocytes at infection site |
| The infection of leukocytes can result in | profuse discharge, greenish yellow, foul odor, |
| in this dieses symptoms are rare in men | trichmoniasis |
| 1/2 of people that are infected with trichmoniasis are? | asymptommatic |
| to diagnose trichmoniasis you must perform these tests. | microscopic exam of discharge, trich prep, genital affirm, and can be found in seman or urine in males |
| many diseases cause birth defects and there is a prescreen for antibodies what is known as | the TORCH Panal |
| The T in torch stands for | Tocoplamosis |
| The O in torch stands for | other tests such as syphilis, hep b, epstein Barr, varicella zoster |
| the R n torch stand for | Rubella |
| The C in torch stands for | Cytomagalovirus |
| The H in torch stands for | Herpes Simplex virus |
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krw882
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