Question | Answer |
Consists of the medulla, pons and midbrain. Controls the reflexes and automatic functions, limb movements and visceral functions. | Brainstem |
Integrates information from the vestibular system that indicates position and movement, and uses this info to coordinate limb movements. | Cerebellum |
Outermost layer of the brain; rich in neurons and is the site of most sophisticated neural processing. Responsible for intellectual faculties and higher mental functions. | Cerebral Cortex |
Consists of cortex, large fibre tracts and some deeper structures. Integrates from all sense organs indicates functions, controls emotions and holds memory and thought processes. | Cerebrum |
Tranverse nerve tract connecting the two cerebral hemispheres. | Corpus Callosum |
A complex neural structure consisting of grey matter and located on the floor of each lateral ventricle. Involved in motivation, emotion as part of the limbic system; role in the formation of memories. | Hippocampus |
Helps control visceral functions, body temp. and behavioural responses. (Feeding, drinking, sexual response etc.) | Pituitary Gland |
Major part of the central nervous system which conducts sensory and motor nerve impulses to and from the brain; tube like from the brain. | Spinal Cord |
Relays incoming sensory pathways to appropriate areas of the cortex, determines which sensory information actually reaches consciousness; participates in motor-information exchange between cerebellum and more. | Thalamus |
Contains nuclei that control hormonal secretions from the pituitary gland. Governs sexual reproduction, eating, drinking, growth and maternal behaviour such as lactation. Involved in almost all aspects of behavior. | Hypothalamus |
Implicated in the higher integration of visceral, olfactory, and somatic information as well as homeostatic responses. (Feeding, mating, emotion) | Limbic System |
Contains nuclei for regulating blood pressure and breathing, as well as nuclei for relaying information from the sense organs that comes in the cranial nerves. | Medulla |
Contains nuclei that link the various sections of the brain involved in motor functions, eye movements and auditory control. | Midbrain |
Contains nuclei that relay movement and position information from the cerebellum to the cortex. Involved in breathing, taste and sleep. | Pons |
Your dog does something you like, you give your dog something he likes. | Positive Reinforcement |
"You have to get good marks, while you are in house arrest." | Negative Reinforcement |
Adding of a bad consequence when the response is performed. | Positive Punishment |
Removal of a good consequence when the response is performed.
Ex. When you say sit, the dog sits, and you hide the treat. | Negative Punishment |
Responsible for determining what memories are stored and where the memories are stored in the brain. Involved in our emotions and emotional learning. | Amygdala |
...in the limbic system and not enough in the corte may produce an overly suspicious personality. Causes paranoia | Too much dopamine |
...produces symptoms of poor memory as in PARKINSON'S DISEASE | Too little dopamine |
Sits right around the forehead; involved in many functions that some believe to be exclusive to humans. | Frontal Lobe |
Located towards the back of the head; Involved in integrating all different kinds of sensory information. (seeing, touching, feeling etc.) | Parietal Lobe |
Located at the side of the head; heavily involved in processing auditory information | Temporal Lobe |
Located at the very back of the head; Almost exclusively involved in vision. | Occipital Lobe |
Chemical neurotransmitter which carries a message across the synapses to the dentrites of the next neuron. | Ethylcholine |
This main part has all of the necessary components of the cell. (Nucleus, mitochondria, endoplasmic reticulum) | Cell Body |
Long, cable-like projection of the cell carries the electrochemical message along the length of the cell. | Axon |
Makes connections to other cells and allows the neuron to talk with other cells or perceive the environment. | Dendrites/Nerve Endings |
Small gaps between neurons. | Synapses |
Chemicals which allow the transmission of signals from one neuron to the next across synapses. | Neurotransmitters |
The process we use to transform information so that it can be stored. | Encoding |
Holding onto the information. | Storage |
Bringing the memory out of storage and reversing the process of encoding. | Retrieval |
Refers to memories that last about 20-30 seconds. Stored in the hippocampus;also known as working memory. | Short-term Memory |
Information that occurs first is typically remembered. | Primacy Effect |
The last bit of information is remembered better because not as much time has passed | Recency Effect |
Something stands out from information around it, it is often remembered. | Distinctiveness |
Rehearsal, results in better memory. | Frequency Effect |
We associate or attach information to other information it becomes easier to remember. | Associations |
Fill in the blanks in our memory. "Creating a complete picture in your head." | Reconstructions |
A mental state that arises spontaneously rather than through conscious effort. | Emotions |
Relates to what we are "feeling" to reactions of physiological changes in the body. (Event>Arousal>Interpretation>Emotion) | James-Lange Theory |
I see a bear. My muscles tense, my heart races. I feel afraid. | James-Lange Theory |
Feels emotions first, then feels physiological changes. (Event>Arousal,Emotion) | Cannon-Bard Approach |
I see a bear. I feel afraid. I tense in readiness to run away. | Cannon-Bard Approach |
An event causes physiological arousal first, then identifies the reason for the arousal, then you feel and label the emotion. (Event>Arousal>Reasoning>Emotion) | Schachter-Singer Approach |
I see a bear. My muscles tense, my heart races. I realize that I am alone and helpless. I feel afraid. | Schachter - Singer Approach |
States that a thought must come before any emotion or physiological arousal. (Event>Thought>Emotion, Arousal) | Lazarus Theory |
I see a bear. I think the bear may try to attack me. I feel afraid so I tense up and run. | Lazarus Theory |
Proposes that emotions are used and developed in order to survive. (Ex. the feeling of empathy allows humans to care and cooperate with others.) | Evolutionary Theory |
Stated that there are only 3 emotions: fear, anger and love. Believes that emotions are reactions to events. Believed emotion to be a process similar to classical conditioning. | Watson's Theory |
The interference that occurs when we try to ignore the meaning of words while trying to identify the colour of the ink that the words are written in. | Stroop Effect |
Disorder; affects an individual's ability to read, write or spell. | Dyslexia |
Seeing (sense) | Vision |
Hearing (sense) | Audition |
Smelling (sense) | Olfaction |
Tasting (sense) | Gustation |
Touching (sense) | Tactile Senses |
Moving (sense) | Proprioception |
Located in the lower left frontal lobe; Responsible for language production...(1) Damage to this area disrupt's one's ability to speak...(2) | 1. Broca's Area
2. Broca's Aphasia |
Understanding language and is located in the back of the temporal lobe...(1) Damage to this area could result in poor language comprehension and the production of meaningless sentences...(2) | 1. Wernicke's Area
2. Wernicke's Aphasia |
Basic building block of speech. (Letters; sound alphabet for speech) | Phoneme |
Smallest unit of meaning | Morpheme |
Can predict people by measuring head, eyes and length of nose. | Cedric Lomborso Phrenology |
The CNS (Central Nervous System) consists of... | The brain, the cranial nerves and the spinal cord. |
Is the brain of a newborn fully developed? | No |
The brain at infancy is __% of the adult size | 25% |
By the age of one year, the brain has grown __% of its adult size. | 75% |
By the age of 3 years, the brain has grown __% of its adult size | 80% |
By the age of 7 years, the brain has grown __% of its adult size. | 90% |
A living optical instrument | Eyes |
The inside back surface of the eye; absorbs light, processes images, sends visual information to the brain. | Retina |
Robbery; victims felt and understood robber's story. | Stockholm Sweden 1972 |
Having people with more power over you; Ex. Women staying in abusive relationships | Stockholm Syndrome |
How we cope with stress. | GAS - General Adaptation System |
The 3 steps in coping with stress are: | 1. Recognize stress
2. Deal with it
3. Ignore it. (whatever you can't handle, gets ignored) |
No motivation, even when parents give you everything. | Failure to Thrive |
The bond that happens with parents and their kids, right at birth. | Attachment Theory |
No Attachment Theory, _____ __ _____ happens. | Failure to thrive |