Question | Answer |
Virulence- | measure of an organisms pathogenicity.
HIGH- microbe produces disease in small amounts
2 CHARACTERISTICS: invasiveness and toxicity |
What is a pathogen? | Includes: viruses, bacteria, fungi, unicellular (protozoans) and multicellular animals (fleas, mites, worms, etc.) |
Invasiveness- | pathogens ability to grow extremely fast and cause direct damage to surrounding tissues |
Exotoxins- | proteins released by bacteria into surrounding tissues.
They have the ability to inactivate or kill host cells. |
Endotoxins- | nonprotein chemicals that are part of the outer layer of the envelope surrounding gram-NEGATIVE bacteria.
They release cytokines that cause pain, inflammation, fever, and chills. |
gram-POSITIVE -vs- gram-NEGATIVE | difference is biochemical and physiological
POSITIVE- bacteria that contains a thick peptidoglycan cell wall
NEGATIVE- thinner cell walls, resists SULFONAMIDES. |
Classify: Anti-Infectives 3x
Used against? 4x | by susceptible organisms, chemical structure, and mechanisms of action.
Used to treat bacterial, fungal, viral, and parasitic infections. |
Types of Anti-infectives | antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiprotozoan, and antihelminthic (destroy parasitic worms) |
Antibiotic- | refers to natural substance produced by a microorganism that can kill other microorganisms.
Now produced synthetically. |
Grouping antibiotics:(2 classes)
Chemical
Pharmacological | chemical- chemical structure (therapeutic group)
pharmacological- mechanism of action |
Pharmacology of anti-infectives-
How do they work?
Primary goal? | selectively target a pathogen's metabolism or life cycle.
Goal is to assist in elimination of the pathogen. |
Difference between bacteriocidal and bacteriostatic? | Bacteriocidal's goal is to KILL the pathogen
Bacteriostatic's goal is to SLOW growth of pathogen so body can defend naturally. |
name the Chemical Class:
inhibition of cell wall synthesis 3x | Penicillins
Cephalosporins
Carbapenems |
name the Chemical Class:
inhibition of protein synthesis | Aminoglycosides
Tetracyclines
Macrolides
Oxazolidinones |
name the Chemical Class:
Disruption of plasma membrane | Azoles
Polyene |
name the Chemical Class:
inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis | Flouroquinolones |
name the Chemical Class:
inhibition of metabolic pathways | Sulfonamides |
5 methods by which antibacterials exert toxicity: | 1. inhibition of cell wall synthesis
2. inhibition of protein synthesis
3. Disruption of plasma membrane
4. inhibition of nucleic acid synthesis
5. inhibition of metabolic pathways |
MSRA- | Methicillin-Resistant Strphlococcus aureus
bacteria that is resistant to certain antibiotics.
Acquired in:
hospitals/long-term care facilities (HA-MRSA)
community (CA-MRSA) |
VRE- | Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci
Found in woulds and pressure ulcers (hospitals/nursing homes)
originates in vaginal flora and GI tract |
Superinfections- | Occur when anti-infective antibiotic kills host flora.
S&S: diarrhea, bladder pain, painful urination, or abnormal vaginal discharge. |