| Question | Answer |
| CLAIM | STATEMENT of What Happened in the Experiment |
| EVIDENCE | DATA from Observations that Support Claim |
| REASONING | USE of Scientific PRINCIPLES (Laws) to CONNECT Data with Claim. |
| PHASE CHANGES | MATERIAL PROCESS
*ONE kind of Molecule/Substance,
*Adding/Removing HEAT,
*Molecules MOVE FASTER or SLOWER,
*CHANGE into Another STATE: Solid, Liquid or Gas.
*MOVE Closer or Farther Apart,
*DON’T BREAK APART,
*Same MOLECULAR STRUCTURE |
| COMMON TERMS for PHASE CHANGES | FREEZE to Solid state,
MELT to Liquid state, &
EVAPORATE or BOIL to Gas state |
| MACROSCOPIC level PHASE CHANGE | On MACROSCOPIC level:
*Solids MELT,
*Liquids BOIL/EVAPORATE or FREEZE,
*Gases CONDENSE |
| MOLECULAR level PHASE CHANGE | On MOLECULAR level:
*Molecular Structures DO NOT CHANGE,
*Molecules only MOVE Closer or Farther Apart,
*Exactly SAME Types and Number of ATOMS B/A |
| MIXTURE | MATERIAL PROCESS in which
*TWO or MORE kinds of Substances,
*COMBINE but,
*Don’t INTERACT,
Example: Sugar + Water + CO2 ==> Soda Pop (Sugar/Water/ CO2) |
| MACROSCOPIC level MIXTURE | On MACROSCOPIC level:
*Substances COMBINE but in NO SET RATIO,
*Show NO CLUES of Chemical Reaction,
*Each Substance SAME B/A,
*So CAN’T MEASURE PROPERTIES OF their Mixed-up Substances. |
| MOLECULAR level MIXTURE | On MOLECULAR level:
*Molecules DON’T BREAK APART
*Their ATOMS DON’T REARRANGE
*Exactly SAME Types and Number of ATOMS B/A |
| CHEMICAL REACTION | MATERIAL PROCESS in which
* CLUES of Chemical Reaction
*Molecules DO BREAK APART
*Atoms DO REARRANGE
* Form NEW MOLECULAR STRUCTURES
*New Substances have DIFFERENT PROPERTIES
*SAME Types and Number of ATOMS B/A (Law of Mass Conservation of M |
| MACROSCOPIC level CHEMICAL REACTION | On MACROSCOPIC level:
* May be CLUES of Chemical Reaction
*Substances (Reactants) DO COMBINE
*Substances (Reactants) DO INTERACT
* Form NEW SUBSTANCES (Products)
*New Substances (Products) have DIFFERENT PROPERTIES |
| MOLECULAR level CHEMICAL REACTION | On MOLECULAR level:
*Molecules (Reactants) DO BREAK APART
*Atoms DO REARRANGE CHEMICALLY to from NEW MOLECULES (Products)
*Exactly SAME Types and Number of ATOMS B/A (Law of Mass Conservation) |
| SIGNS or CLUES of Chemical Reaction | *LIGHT produced
*BUBBLING/FIZZING
*TEMPERATURE CHANGE w/o Adding or Removing Heat
*PRECIPITATE (Liquid + Liquid > Solid) |
| ELECTROLYSIS | *CHEMICAL DECOMPOSITION Reaction
*Uses ELECTRICAL Energy
*Starts with Liquid WATER Molecules (Reactant)
* BREAKS APART Water Molecules &
*Ends with OXYGEN and HYDROGEN Gases (Products).
2H2O(Liquid) ==>electolysis==>2H2(gas) + O2(gas) |
| PROPERTIES of SUBSTANCES | *UNIQUE CHARACTERISTICS to Describe and Identify Substances:
Examples:
*COLOR
*SMELL
*TASTE
*HARDNESS
*SOLUBILITY
*DENSITY
*MELTING POINT |
| REACTANTS of Chemical Reaction | BEGINNING or ORIGINAL SUBSTANCES—the “Old Stuff” |
| PRODUCTS of Chemical Reaction | END SUBSTANCE(S) of Reaction |
| LAW of CONSERVATION of MASS (MATTER) | SCIENTIFIC PRINCIPLE, RULE or LAW that
*NO MATTER HOW Substances INSERT with Each Other, the TOTAL MASS of the system always REMAINS the SAME. *Matter is NOT CREATED or DESTROYED.
*ATOMS simply REARRANGE to form NEW MOLECULES (NEW SUBSTANCES). |
| OPEN SYSTEM? | SOMETHING CAN ENTER or EXIT a System.
Examples:
Alka-Setzer experiment open glass.
Rust on iron in open air. |
| CLOSED SYSTEM? | SOMETHING can NOT ENTER or EXIT a System.
Examples:
Closed bag experiment,
Electrolysis |
| What HOLDS ATOMS TOGETHER? | ELECTRICAL FORCES |
| 3 Parts of SCIENTIFIC EXPLANATION | CLAIM
EVIDENCE
REASONING |
