Question | Answer |
Incretin-Mimetic Agent | Mimics actions of incretins
*reduces glucose concentrations in the liver
*Increases serum insulin
*delays gastric emptying
*decreases appetite
Use: Type II adjunct
S/E: N,V,D, Hypoglycemia |
Amylinomimetic Agent | Reduces postprandial by:
*suppressing glucagon secretion and output
*suppressing appetite
S/E: GI, Hypoglycemia
Use: Type I |
Regular (Natural) | Humulin R, Novolin R
Only one that can be given IV
30-60 minutes before meals
Onset- 30 minutes
Peak- 2 1/2 - 5 hours
Duration- 5-10 Hours |
Long Acting | glargine (Lantus)
PM administration
24 hour basal source
Do not mix or dilute
Onset- 1 hour
Peak------
Duration- 24 hours |
Intermediate | NPH insulin- regular mixed with protamine
Humulin N, Novolin N
Onset-1-2 hours
Peak- 4-10 hours
Duration- 24 hours |
Alpha-glucosidase Inhibitors | Delays absorption of dietary carbs by inhibiting a breakdown enzyme in the intestine
EG. acarbose (Precose)
S/E: GI, Hypoglycemia will enhance it, hepatotoxicity |
TZDs | Increases ability of target cells to respond to insulin
S/E: GI, hypoglycemia, wt. gain, hepatotoxicty
Actos: Bladder CA
Avandia: Heart failure |
Biguanides | metformin (Glucophage)-decreases glucose production in the liver
Use: Type II
D/C 24-48 hours before test with radiopaque dyes
S/E: Decreased bp and resp. distres
Does not cause wght. gain or hypoglycemia |
Meglitinides | stimulates release of insulin from pancreas
must eat within 30 minutes of taking
S/E: Hypoglycemia
Eg: Repaglinide ( Prandin) |
Antihypoglycemic Agents | Eg. Glucagon
Moa: Hormone from alpha cells of pancreas, breaks down glycogen to glucose
Use: Treat hypoglycemia
S/E: N,V |
Thyroid Replacement Hormones | Moa: T3 and T4 hormones
Use: hypothyroidism
life long treatment
S/E: Hyperthyroidism
Eg: Levothyroxine (Synthroid) DOC |
Antithyroid Drugs | eg: Iodine-131 (Radioactive Iodine)
Moa: Suppression of thyroid synthesis
Use: Hyperthyroidism ( Graves Disease) |
Type I Diabetes | Destruction of beta cells, eventually no insulin production |
Type II Diabetes | usually begins in middle ages- goes along w/ obesity, insulin resistance. |