Question | Answer |
Stem cells | Humoral and cell-mediated |
Humoral immunity produces | B Lymphocytes, clone memory cells, plasma cells and antibodies |
Cell mediated | T lymphocytes, Helper T cells, cytoxic T cells, memory T cells, Suppressor T cells |
Lymphoblasts | bone marrow stem cells |
what do lymphoblast do? | they produce lymphocytes which mature into immunocompetent cells that recognize and react with antigens in body |
Two groups of lymphocytes determine type of immunity initiated | T-lymphocytes (cell-mediated) and B-lymphocytes (humoral) |
B- lymphocytes (B Cells) produce | Humoral immunity |
Where are lymphocytes produce and mature? | produced in the bone marrow then migrate to spleen and lymphatic tissue. |
After lymphocytes are in spleen and lymphatic tissue they undergoe | clonal diversification & clonal selection |
Colonal diversification and clonal selection produce | memory cells and plasma cells which are antibody's secreted into circulation and mucosal surfaces |
Humoral immunity is activated when there is exposure to antigen & T lymphocytes results in | production of antibodies/immunoglobulins & memory B cells. |
Humoral immunity acts against | bacteria and viruses. |
Cell mediated immunity is produced from | T-Lymphocytes (T-Cells) |
t-lymphocytes are produced in bone marrow and migrate to | thymus where they mature and eventually migrate to lymph nodes |
T-lymphocytes act against | Virus infected cells, fungal & protozoal infections, cancer cells and foreign cells |
What are the subgroups of T Cells | helper T cells, cytoxic T cells, memory T cells, suppressor T cells |
Cell mediated immunity develops when | T lymphocytes recognize antigens on the surface of target cells and destroy them directly. |
After T-cells directly destroy antigens they | reproduce an army and activate other T and B lymphocytes. |
Tolerance cell mediated immunity | Immune system targets foreign cells/material and ignores host tissue= it is able to distinguish self from non self. |
Helper t cells | CD4 regulates the immune response (CD4 is targeted by HIV) ratio count s/b 2;1...if 1:1 then infection |
cytoxic T cell CD8 cell | Killer T cells are receptors bind, and release damaging chemicals/enzymes and helps to destroy antigens, cancer cells, virus infected cells. |
memory T cells | remain in lymph nodes for years, activate response again if samd invader returns. |
Suppressor T cell | Suppresses B cell activity. |
Antibodies (immunoglobulins) | protein produced in plasma cells as part of humoral response |
Antibodies bind to specific matching antigen to form | immune complex |
Antibodies (immunoglobulins)enchance | phagocytosis by macrophages |
Antibodies (immunoglobulins) stimulates | inflammation = mast cell degranulation |
Antibodies (immunoglobulins)protect host from bacterial toxins by binding | to the toxins to neutralize their biological effects. |
Antibodies (immunoglobulins) inactivate antigen via | neutralization, agglutination, precipitation, osponization |
Neutralization | masks or coats dangerous part of bacterial toxin or virus. |
agglutination | clumping of cells with bound antigens |
precipitation | soluble antigens come out of solution |
osponization | antibodies bound to antigen enhance phagocytosis |
Antibodies (immunoglobulins)activates the complement system which leads to | cell lysis and death |
Antibodies (immunoglobulins) have different | structures |
There are how many 5 classes of Antibodies (immunoglobulins) | IgG, IgM, IgA, IgE, IgD |
IgG | Most common in blood and increases in number after immunization. |
IgM | bound to B cells in blood, FIRST to increase when first exposed. |
Challenges antigen involved in blood incompatibility | IgM |
IgA | Found in Mucosal & glandular secretions (blood, tears, saliva, respiratory secretions |
Passive form of protection breast milk/colostrum provided newborns protection | IgA |
When linked to an allergen to allergic response | IgE |
Attached to B cells, the antigen receptor on lymphocytes prior to immunication | IgD |
Primary immune response | IgM |
Secondary immune response | IgG and is seen in 5-6 days. |
Vaccinations provide protection against certain microorganisms due to the level of | protection provided by IgG |
An example of how antibodies protect the host from bacterial toxins | tetanus is a bacterial toxin that has been inactivated, retains it anitgenicity, antibodies bind to the toxin & neutralizing it. |