Question | Answer |
Elbow ROM | Flextion 140-150, Extension 0-10, Valgus 1-15, Pronation 85-90, Supination 85-90 |
Gunstock elbow | Deformity of elbow, resulting from condylar fracture at elbow (forearm deviates toward midline when extended) |
Carrying angle | aka cubitus valgus (the expected carrying angle in adults is between 0-15deg) |
Busal sac | fluid filling from trauma or secondarily from RA or gout |
Cozen's test | Resisted, seated
-resist wrist extension +pain=lateral epicondylitis (attachment of ext.carpi radialis brevis, ext. digitorum, ext. digiti minimi, ext. carpi ulnaris) |
Mill's test | passive, seated
-pronate and flex the wrist fully and extend the elbow
+pain=lateral epicondylitis (stretches muscle attachment and stress on radial nerve) |
Golfer's elbow test (reverse Cozen's test) | resisted, seated
-resist wrist flexion
+pain=medial epicondylitis (attachment of flexor carpi radialis/ulnaris) |
Reverse Mill's test | passive, seated
-extend the wrist
+pain=medial epicondylitis (stretches muscle atttachment and stresses median nerve) |
Ligament instability (Medial collateral Ligament test aka valgus/abduction stress test) | passive, seated
-abduct forearm
+pain=MCL instability/injury |
Ligament instability (Lateral collateral ligament test aka varus/adduction stress test | passive, seated
-adduct forearm
+pain=LCL instability/injury |
Cubital tunnel syndrome | ulnar nerve compression of elbow(numbness/tingling of ring/little finger) |
Tinel's sign | passive, seated
-tap ulnar nerve between olecranon process and medial epicondyle +parathesia=ulnar nerve impingement |
Elbow flexion test | active, seated
-flex the elbow
+parathesia=ulnar nerve impingement |
Radial head/neck fracture | fall on outstretched hand, immediate pain |
Wrist ROM | Extension=70-90, Flexion=80-90, Abduction=15, Adduction=30-45 |
Radicular pain (nerve entrapment) | Cubital tunnel syndrome, Ulnar tunnel syndrome (Guyon's canal), Carpal tunnel syndrome, Anterior interosseous nerve syndrome |
Anterior interosseous nerve syndrome | -pain in proximal forearm and weakness of FPL and FDP to the index finger (entrap by the pronator teres muscle) |
Pinch grip test | active, seated
-pinch tips of index and thumb +pulps of index and thumb touch=injury to anterior interosseous nerve, median nerve |
Ulnar Tunnel Syndrome | Clawing of he ring finger and hypothenar wasting. |
Carpal tunnel syndrome | median nerve compression at wrist (repetitive use) F>M |
Tinel's sign | passive, seated
-tap palmar surface of wrist +tingling at 1,2,3, lateral half of 4th fingers)=CTS |
Phalen's test | active seated -flex the wrists and place them together for 60secs (median n compressed by flex. ret) +tingling in the hand (1-4 fingers =CTS, anterior dislocation of lunate,arthritic changes, inflammation of flex. retinaculum, tenosynovitis of FD tendons) |
Reverse Phalen's test | active seated
-extend wrists and place palms together (inc. pressure of carpal tunnel)
+tingling in the hand (1-4 fingers =CTS, anterior dislocation of lunate,arthritic changes, inflammation of flexor retinaculum, tenosynovitis of FD tendons) |
Pinch test | active seated
-pinch piece of paper w/ thumb, index, and niddle fingers and try to pull it away
+numbness/cramping of 1-4 fingers/palm in 1 min,
+inability to pinch paper=refer for MRI elctromyography |
Electromyograpy | Diagnose dz that damage muscle tissue, nerves or nm junctions (ie. disc herniation, ALS, myasthenia gravis) |
Nerve conduction test | Detect and evaluate damage to PNS to help diagnose nerve d/o (ie CTS, Guillain Barre Syndrome) |
Finkelstein's test | active/passive, seated
-bring the thumb in palm, make fist, then ulnar deviate +pain=tenosynovitis of abductor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis tendons (de Quervain's dz) |
Ganglion cyst | Encapsulated fluid-filled mass, (joint capsule, tendon sheath), painless |
Scaphoid fracture | fall onto outstretched hand, high rate of non-union, snuff box tenderness |
Distal radius fracture | common, osteoporotic fracture (DEXA scans esp postmenopausal women) |
Colle's fracture | complete transverse fracture w/in distal 2cm radius -distal fragment is displaced dorsally |
Scapholunate ligament injury | fall on outstretched hand “wrist sprain”, pain medial to snuffbox, diagnosed w/ supinated x-ray |