Question | Answer |
3 Component of Cardiovascular System | Heart, arteries, veins |
Heart layers | Fibrous pericardium, parietal pericardium, visceral pericardium
pericardial cavity
myocardium, endocardium |
Structures of the heart | Chordae tendinae, 4 chambers, 4 valves (Tricuspid and bicuspid, aortic and pulmonary semilunar) |
cardiac cycle | 1 heart beat average .8 seconds |
systole vs diastole | systole is contracting, diastole is resting |
coronary arteries | hearts direct blood supply (supply outside of heart) |
Myocardial infraction | heart attack, heart tissue is starved of oxygen and has died, cannot replace itself. Causes: artherosclerosis= a build up of plaque which blocks artery |
plaques | fatty deposits which have attached to inner lining. Causes: high cholesterol or genetics. |
Blood vessels 3 types | Arteries (carry Blood) Veins (carry blood) lymphatic (Carry lymph fluid) |
Layer of blood vessel walls | Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica adventitia/externa |
tuinca intima | innermost layer, lining the lumen (simple squamous epithelium) |
Tunica media | Smooth muscle with some elastin mixed in |
tunica externa | outtermost layer, areolar CT, specialized blood vessels which supply tunica externa |
Vaso vasorum | network of arteries and veins which supply the outer layer of larger vessels. |
Artery vs vein pressure | Arteries are under higher pressure than veins, artery walls are thicker. Tunica media of arteries is thicker than that of veins |
Artery vs vein shape | Arteries are more rounded, veins are more flattened. |
Artery vein valves | Veins have valves, arteries do not. these valves are tunica intima flaps which keep moving blood towards the heart. |
Artery types, progression from heart, branch to next | Elastic arteries to muscular arteries to arterioles(smallest of arteries) to capillaries |
Capillaries | Tissue is able to take oxygen and nutrients from blood, capillaries empty into the smallest of veins (venules) |
Elastic arteries | large arteries near near ex aorta |
Where is the highest concentration of elastin | Tunica media |
muscular arteries | supply organs and have less elastin, this results in more smooth muscle cells. smooth muscle helps control how much blood is going to each region of the body |
elastic lamine of either side of tunica media | internal (between intima and media) external (between media and externa) |
Arterioles Larger vs smaller | larger has all 3 tunica layers, smaller has only tunica media and endothelium cells. |
capillary beds | end of the road drop off point for all the stuff blood is carrying. very thin walled structure single cells in diameter. Smooth muscle sphincters control flow through capillary bed |
Capillaries make up | endothelium with a basement membrane |
continuous capillary | tight junctions, connect simple squamous, some gaps for blood to flow |
Fenstrated capillary | much leakier, pores through capillary bed itself still has tight junctions, complete basement membrane |
Sinusoid | Leakiest, intercellular clefts, gaps between cells are huge. Some tight junctions. Basement membrane is incomplete w/ large gaps. (Spleen) |
Flow of blood | Heart-->Elastic arteries-->muscular arteries-->arterioles-->capillaries |
Veins smallest to largest
*note all veins have very thin tunica media | venules, medium veins, larger veins(heart), valves, portal system |
Varicose veins | Valves and veins stretched blood pools. |
Blood function | Distribution of O2 and CO2, nutrients, wastes, hormones. Helps regulate body temperature. Immune system |
plasma | non cellular component 55% of blood, extracellular matrix. Fluid in which all cells are supported mainly water, nutrients, hormones, wastes. |
Erthrocytes-disc shape dimple in middle high surface area | 40-45% of blood red blood cells. No nucleus and n organelles in mature form.Allows them to carry gases throughout body. Do not require O2 to survive. mainly hemoglobin(protein) |
Hematopiesis | a new red blood cell formation red marrow in spongy bone (contains stem cells) |
Leukocytes | white blood cells+Platelets= buffy coat very small component of blood |
Blood types | A(antibody B),B(antibody a),O(antibody A and B),AB(no antibody necessary) |
RH factor | Protein on red blood cells, if this protein is present +blood type, if protein in absent - blood type ex AB negative |
Pregnancy complications of blood type | if mother is RH negative her body can create antibodies which potentially attack fetus. |
Rho Gam | antibodies injected into the mother which prevent her from creating her own antibodes. |
White blood cells( leukocytes) | Have organelles and nucleus, important in immune system |
Diapedesis | white blood cells have the ability to squeeze between gaps and leave blood vessels. |
Platelets | Fragments of megakaryocytes important in ability to form clot and stop bleeding. |
Aneima | Reduced red blood cells typically due to lack of iron in the body. Iron is necessary to create hemoglobin |
Sickle cell anemia | result of abnormally shaped red blood cells, major genetic component. Some cells take on a sickel shape which causes clotting and makes cells inefficient O2 carriers. |
NERVOUS SYSTEM functions | Sensory input |
Afferent information | sensory info traveling towards the brain |
Interneurons integrate information | Process and interpret sensory info within central nervous system |
Motor output | Response dictated by CNS, takes place in organs |
2 Divisions of nervous system | CNS-brain and spinal cord
PNW- cranial nerves + all branches and spinal nerves + all branches |
Neurons | Excitable cells, carry impulse, conduct electrical impulses, do not divide and replace, can regrow certain damaged part but cannot replace dead cell |
Supporting ells | Non excitable but help neurons function |
Neuron make up | Cell body, dendrites, axon, myelin sheath |
cell body of neuron | contains nucleus if damaged cell will die. |
Dendrites | 0-many carries impulses towards the cell body, receptive |
Axon | carry info away from cell body
1 per neuron
up to 4ft long
axon terminal release neurotransmitters(communication) |
Myelin sheaths PNS | Schwanna cells (PNS)- supporting cell of PNS, wraps around axon assist with rapid conduction, very insulted |
Myelin sheaths CNS | Oligodendrocytes(CNS, insulated each will wrap around multiple acons. |
MS | myelin sheath in CNS being broken down White blood cells attack oligodendrocytes. |
Nerve | a collection of neurons in the PNS, Axon sction |
Tracts | collection of neurons in the CNS. axon section |
Structural classification of neurons | # of dendrites |
multipolar | Multiple dendrites
most common
motor neurons and interneurons |
Bipolar | 2 processes
1 dendrite/ axon
rare
retina of the eye for sensory function |
Unipolar | 1 axon no dendrite
typical sensory neuron |
Ganglion | cluster of cell bodies from multiple neurons |
Somatic motor | Skeletal muscles, skin, sensory (eye) |
somatic sensory | touh, pain, temperature |
visceral motor | organs and structures inside the body cavity |
visceral sensory | check |
Nerve composition | Sensory, motor, mixed(typical nerve) |
Mixed nerve
vascularized | contains neurons of all types |
endonuerium | Thin reticular CT surrounding an axon and its sheath |
Perineurium | fibrous CT surrounding fasicles(group of axons) |
Epineurium | dense irr. Ct surrounds whole nerve |
Synapse | site where neurons communicate |
Presnyaptic neuron | Neuron before synapse |
Postsynaptic neuron | Neuron after synapse |
Neurotransmitters | Axon terminal contains vesicles with neurotransmitters (chemical messenger)
Relased into synaptic cleft and is picked up by receptors on postsynaptic neuron. |
Types of Synapses | 3 types acondendritic, axosomatic, axoaxonic |
acondendritic | most common, between presynaptic axon and postsynaptic dendrite |
Axosomatic | between presynaptic axon and postsynaptic cell body |
Axoaxonic | between presynaptic axon and postsynaptic axon. Not common |
CNS supporting cells | Astrocytes
surround neurons an capillaries
take up and release ion, sugars to nourish neurons
uptake excess neurotransmitters
most abundant. |
Microglia CNS | Phagocytes which engulf and remove invading organisms and dead or damaged neural tissue
Macrophages |
Ependymal CNS | Simple cuboidal epi.
Ciliated
Line the central hollow portions o CNS (ventricles of the brain and central canal of spinal cord)
circulation of cerebro-spinal fluid |
Oligodendrocytes CNS | Creat myelin sheath |
Supporting Cells of PNS | Satellite cells, schwanna cells |
Satellite cells PNS | insulate cell body
Ganglia contain many cell bodies from many neurons. |
Schwaan cells | Myelin sheath in PNS |
Tic Douloureux | Blood vessels rub upon trigeminal nerve root (face)
Satellite cells of sensory neurons in face have broken down causing crossover information
PAIN or spasms in face |
fMRI | functional measure of blood flow
Oxygen need by cell |
Brain basic protection | Bone, skull and vertebrae |
(Brain)Meninges | Protection membranes which envelopes CNS |
Dura Mater | 2 layers of dense irreg. CT
fused except where there is a blood sinus |
Arachnoid mater | Reticular Ct
Spider web like extensions between dura mater and pia mater
Arachnoid vili
Project into dural sinuses allowing CSF to be reabsorbed into blood |
Pia mater | thin layer of areolar CT
clings to brain surfae
very vascular |
Meningitis | Bacterial or viral infection of the meninges
viral-more common
bacterial- more serious, antibiotics can treat if they are used quickly |
Subdural space | Below dura mater above arachnoid mater |
Subarachnoid mater | below arachnoid mater
above pia mater
filled with CSF |
Blood brain barrier | capillaries of brain lack intercellular clefts
tight junctions |
White matter | Myelinated axons
tracts=fiber tracts |
Gray matter | cell bodies
dendrites
Glial cells
unmyelinated axons
cortex and brain nuclei
in spinal cord no outer cortex |
Brain white vs gray matter | Outer white matter
Inner gray matter |
Ventricles | Spaces within the brain
Lateral(paired)
3rd
cerebral aqueduct
4th
Central canal and subarachnoid space |
CSF | produced by choroid plexus(capillary network)
CSF is a blood filtrate
nutreitnrich (nourishes brain)
continually produced
cushions brain |
Ependymal cells | Epithelium of ventricles
Ciliated to move CSF
removal of wastes |
Hydrocephaly | CSF overproduced or not removed appropriately
increased pressure in brain which can cause damage. in babies head can expand causes damage at a slower rate. |
Telencephalon | Cerebrum |
brain lobes | 5 major lobes
Temporal
Frontal
Parietal
Occipital
insula |
Cerebrum/telencephalon | cortex, white matter, brain basal nuclei, 80% brain mass
2 hemispheres,
Higher brain functions |
Lateralization | One side cortex is more involved than the other in certain functions
90% of population
L-details;math;language; logic
R-big picture, artistic/musical skills visual spatial skills |
tracts in the brain | white matter
myelinated axons
information highway |
Diencephalon | thalmus
Hypothalmus
Epithalamus |
Metencephalon | Pons
Cerebellum |
Myelencephalon | Medulla Oblongata |
Brainstem | midbrain, pons, medulla oblongata |
Telencephalon 3 fibers | Projection fibers, Commisural fibers, Association fibers |
Projection Fibers | Link cerebral cortex to any area outside the cerebrum
Decussation- crossover of fibers from right to left |
Commisural fibers | Connects corresponding areas of 2 hemispheres.
if severed the hemispheres cannot communicate. |
Association Fibers | How regions withing projection fibers of a single hemisphere communicate |
Motor areas | Dictate voluntary motor response |
Sensory areas | Interpret sensory information |
Association | Receive and integrate information from multiple areas |
Frontal brain area | Primary motor cortex
Premotor cortex
Prefrontal cortex |
Primary motor cortex | Conscious control of skeletal muscles
Motor homunculus- map of motor cortex |
Premotor cortex
Broca;s area | Coordinate repetitive learned motor skills
Damage- loss of skills
Brocas area- controls movements necessary for speech |
Prefrontal cortex | personality
Cognition
intellect
impulse control |
frontal lobotomy
Phineas Gage | destroy a portion of lobe to "deal with" personality disorders |
Parietal Region of brain | Separated from frontal by central sulcus.
Primary somatosensory cortex and association area |
Primary somatosensory cortex and association area | interpret sensory information, touch temp pain pressure
Association area- use memories of past to decide appropriate response
Sensory homuncules |
Temporal region of the brain | Auditory cortex, olfactory cortex. Bot association areas |
Auditory and gustatory cortex +assc area | Auditory receives sounds info from inner ear
gustatory- smell receptors in nasal cavity tied to limbic system (emotional brain) |
Wernicke's area in auditory cortex | Understand spoken word |
Occipital region of the brain | Visual cortex -receives sensory info from retina of eye
analyze color and forms |
Insula region of the brain | Gustatory cortex- receptors on tastes buds
Limbic area
Basal Ganglia |
Basal Ganglia | Gray matter nuclei located within the cerebrum
unconscious motor control of skeletal muscles.works with cerebral cortex to control and regulate movements. |
Degenerative conditions
Parkinson's disease | pathway to basal ganglia has broken down.
Too little motor drive
Lack of dopamine |
Limbic system | Cerebrum and diencephalon involved in emotions
Amygdala
Hippocampus |
Amydala and hippocampus | Amygdala- process fear and generate a response to fear.
Hippocampus- memories of past facts and events |
Diencephalon make up
(thalamus, epithalamus, hypothalamus) | Mostly gray matter |
Thalamus | gateway to cerebral cortex |
Epithalamus | Pineal gland
Endocrine and melatonin |
Hypothalamus | endocrine
Visceral control center
Hunger thirst
sleep/wake cycle
Limbic system |
Midbrain/mesencephalon | superior colliculi-visual reflexes
inferior colliculi- auditory reflexes |
Metencephalon (Pons Cerebellum) | Pons- control of respiration, relay motor info to cerebellum from cerebrum
Cerebellum- outer cortex, with an inner white matter
smooth and coordinate muscle movements
equilibrium |
Myelencephalon | Medulla oblongata- visceral motor functions (heart rate, regulates blood pressure, swallowing) |
Stroke | interruption of blood flow to region of brain which results in tissue death. |
Spinal cord info travel route | PNS- ascending sensory pathway->brain
Brain->descending motor pathway->PNS |
Enlargements of the spinal cord | Cervical
Lumbar |
spinal nerves | 31 pairs
rami vs roots |
spinal nerve roots | cervical 8 pair C1-C8
Thoracic 12 pair T1-T12
Lumbar 5 pair L1-L5
Sacral 5 pair S1-S5
Cocygeal 1 pair C0 |
Rami vs roots | spinal nerve splits into dorsal and ventral ramus |
nerve plexus | network of nerves formed from ventral rami of spinal nerves
-cervical
-brachial
sacral
lumbar
sympathetic trunk chain ganglia |
Cervical | Formed from ventral rami of c1-c5
supplies neck and posterior part of head |
Brachial | ventral rami of the c5-t1
supplies upper limbs |
Sacral | ventral rami of L4-s4
Posterior lower limbs |
Lumbar | ventral rami of L1-L4
anterior lower limbs |
stmpathetic trunk chain ganglia | Branch of ventral rami
Part of ANS |
Polio | Caused by viru
destroys motor neurons
muscles controlled by these neuron unable to function |
Post polio | Later in life neurons break down due to overuse compensating for neuron lost during polio outbreak. return of polio symptoms |