Question | Answer |
Digestion: Role of salivary | contains amylase enzymes which start breaking down amylose and amylopectin |
Monosaccharides are | building blocks of carbohydrates, are single 5 sided structures, examples: glucose, fructose, galactose |
Key functions of Carbohydrates | are found primarily in plant-based foods and are key source of energy for body |
Where do Carbohydrates come from? | Plants are the primary producers because they go through photosynthesis |
Disaccharides are | Formed from two monosaccharides, example-Maltose, Sucrose, Lactose |
Polysaccharides are | chains of simple sugars, it is starch, fiber, and glycogen, complex carbohydrates, consists of amylose and amylopectin |
Starch is | the storage form in plants, it's structure is a long chain with no branching |
Amylose | straight chains of glucose units |
Amylopectin | branched chains of glucose units |
Pancreatic amylase | Any of a group of enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of starch to sugar to produce carbohydrate derivatives. |
What form of carbohydrates are absorbed? | Monosaccharides |
Importance of glycogen | serves as the storage form of glucose that is not immediately needed by the body. |
Glycemic index (GI) | ranks foods' effects on blood glucose compared with equal amount of pure glucose |
Glycemic Load (GL) | adjusts GI to take into account the amount of carbohydrates consumed |
Triglycerides | three fatty acids connected to glycerol "backbone" |
Saturated Fat | all carbons bonded to hydrogen |
Unsaturated fat | one or more double bond between carbons (less saturated with hydrogen) |
Trans fat | are synthetically produced, unnatural fats |
When a meal is consumed the blood glucose levels | are high |
when blood glucose levels are high.... hormone is produced from the ..... | insulin, pancreas |
When blood glucose levels are low....hormone is produced from the ..... | glucagon, pancreas |
...is the storage molecule for glucose. It is made in the.... and .... | glycogen, liver, muscle |
in response to insulin the liver.....glycogen | stores (or makes) |
In response to glucagon the liver.....glycogen | breaks down |
the overall effect of insulin is to ....blood sugar levels | lower |
the overall effect of glucagon is to....blood sugar levels | raise |
The......tells you how much a specific carbohydrate will affect your blood sugar | glycemic index or glycemic load |
the two organs important for regulating blood glucose are the...and the ... | liver and pancreas |
cells take up glucose from the blood when the....hormone is produced | insulin |
the ....is the organ responsible for regulating blood sugar levels | pancreas (or liver) |
if the body does not produce insulin then the blood sugar levels will always be | high |
normal blood glucose levels should be between...and...mg/dl | 70-99 |
Foods with a high glycemic index elicit a ... release of insulin | high (or fast or large) |
the simple sugars are made of two categories or carbs, the ....and .... | monosaccharides and polysaccharides |
three types of monosaccharides are ..... | glucose,fructose, and galactose |
the disaccharide sucrose if made of | glucose & fructose |
two major types of starch are | amylose and amylopectin |
starch is the major glucose storage molecule in...., while ... is the major glucose storage in animals | plants , glycogen |
the enzyme that digests starch in the mounth is called.... | salivary amylase |
the enzyme that digests it in the pancreas is called | pancreatic amylase |
....and .... must be transported to the...to be converted into glucose before the body can use them for energy | fructose, galactose, liver |
....is a polysaccharide that cannot be digested by the body.... | cellulose (or fiber) |
the recommended dietary allowance for carbohydrates are...g/day for adults | 130 |
The adequate intake of fiber for women is ... and for men it is .... | 25 g/day...38 g/day |
Polysaccharides cannot be absorbed in the small intestine, they must be digested to ...in order to be absorbed | monosaccharides |
Digestion of starch does not occur in the stomach because or its....environment | acidic |
Phospholipids | have glycerol backbone but two fatty acids and a phosphorus group |
Sgerols | are comprised mainly of four connecting rings or carbon and hydrogen |
Chylomicrons | carry digested fat through lymph into bloodstream |
Very Low-Density lipoproteins | deliver fat made in liver to cells |
Low density lipoproteins | bad cholesterol deposit cholesterol on walls of arteries |
high density lipoproteins | remove cholesterol from body and deliver to liver for excreation |
Atherosclerosis | narrowing of arteries due to build up of plaque |
Proteins | are the predominant structural and functional materials in every cell |
Denaturation | the alteration (unfolding)of a protein's shape, which changes the structure and function of the protein |
DNA | in the cell nucleus contains instructions for protein synthesis |
Essential amino acids | cannot be made by the body and it is essential to obtain them from the diet |
What are the building blocks of proteins? | amino acids |
What happens to the excess proteins in the body? | the liver uses the proteins to make new proteins, glucose, or for other purposes and the rest are sent back to the blood stream to be used |