| Question | Answer |
| Simple Squamous epithelium | Mesothelium, Endothelium Blood Vessel, Lung |
| Simple cuboidal epithelium | Thyroid Follicles, Tubule of Kidney, Surface of ovary
Function: Secretion and absorption |
| Simple columnar epithelium | Stomach-Rectum, Uterine Gland
Gall bladder
Function: Secretion and absorption |
| Psedostratified columnar epithelium | Ducts-Male reproduction
Respiratory tract
Trachea
Function: Secretion and absorption and protection |
| Stratified squamous epithelium | Esophagus, Pharynx, Vagina, Anal Canal, Mouth (Non-Keratinized)
Skin (Keratinized)
Function: Abosorption and protection |
| Stratified cuboidal epithelium | Sweat gland,s ducts of exocrine glands
Function: Protection and limited secretion and absorption |
| Stratified columnar epithelium | Salivary ducts
Function: Protection and secretion |
| Transitional epithelium | Urinary tract (bladder)
Function: Stretch |
| Cilia | Respiratory epithelium
Fallopian tube |
| Microvilli | Small intestine, Gall bladder, kidney |
| Stereocilia | Epididymis, Vas deferens, Inner ear |
| Difference between Basement memebrane and basal lamina | Basement membrane: Lamina rara, Lamina densa, Lamina reticularis
Basal lamina: Lamina rara and lamina densa |
| Loose connective tissue | Surrounds: Muscles, nerves, blood vessels
Contains more cells |
| Regular Dense connective tissue | Tendons, Ligaments, cornea
Function: Strong attachment, withstands pulling |
| Irregular Dense connective tissue | Found in dermis of skin
Function: provides tensile strength in many direction |
| Collagen Fibers | Most abundant fibers
Very strong and resist pulling forces |
| 4 types of collagen | 1. Bones, tendons, ligaments
2. Cartilages
3. Blood vessels, liver, lymphoid organs
4. Basement membrane |
| Reticular fibers | Composed of type 3 collagen
Support the walls of blood vessels
Remove worn-out blood cells in spleen.
Flexible and able to stretch |
| Elastic Fibers | Enable tissues to stretch and distend
Thinner than collagen
Fibers are interwoven with collagen- prevent tearing |
| Ground substance | Proteoglycans, Hyaluronic acids
Proteoglycan-GAGs-trap H20 making the ground substance more jelly like.
Hyaluronic acid- Viscous, slippery substance that binds cells together. Helps maintain the shape |
| Ground substance | Function: Glue-binds cells to fibers
Lubricant-allows ease of motion
Barrier-physical prevention of bacteria and microorganisms. |
| Fibroblasts | Fixed.
Synthesize: Collage, elastin, reticular fibers, ground substance
Involve wound repair |
| Macrophages | Derived from monocytes in bone marrow
Ingestion and degradation of foreign matter.
Stimulation of the immune response by immune presentation |
| Mast Cell | Oval, filled with basophillic granules- Produce histamin
Absents from brain and spinal cord and spleen. |
| Lymphocytes | T-lymphocytes-Cell-mediated
B-lymphocytes-Production of antibodies |
| Plasma cells | Derived from B-lymphocytes.
Lives 10-30 days
Clock face nucleus.
Synthesis of antibodies. |
| Eosinophilis, Monocytes and Neutrophils | Rapidly migrated from blood to connective tissue.
Injury and inflammation
An acute inflammatory reaction |
| Basophils | Release of histamine from basophil granules.
Enhances vascular response in insect bites |
| 3 types of cartilage | Hyaline
Elastic
Fibro-cartilage |
| Hyaline Cartilage | Homogenous matrix
Lacunae-Spaces throughout matrix
Matrix-collagen fibers (type 2) and ground substance
Function: Provides smooth surface for movement, flexibility and support |
| Hyaline Cartilage Location | Nose, tracheal, bronchial rings
Larygeal cartilages, costal cartilages, articular surfaces, epiphyseal growth plate |
| Perichondrium | dense connective tissue
inner cellular layer-give rise to cartilage
outer fibrous layer-stem cell |
| Chondrocytes | Matured chondroblasts located in lacunae.
Deeper-Mitotic division-isogenous groups-lengthening of cartilage |
| Elastic Cartilage | Elastin present in matrix
Gives cartilage-elasticity and pliability and resilience. Strength and shape
All have perichondrium but does not calcify |
| Elastic cartilage-location | External ear, epiglottis, larynx. |
| Fibrocartilage | consists of chondrocytes and territorial matrix combined with dense connective tissue.
Lack perrichondrium
Function: support and joining structure. Strength and rigidity
Storngest of the three types |
| Fibrocartilage-location | Intervertebral discs
symphysis pubis
articular discs of sternoclavicular and temperomandibular joints, menisci of knee joint |
| Bone | Consists of type 1 collagen and ground substances |
| Bone cell types | Osteoprogenitor cells
Osteoblasts
Osteocytes
Osteoclasts |
| Long Bones | Main components of limbs
-femur, humerus, radius, ulna, tibia and fibula
Support body frame, strength |
| Short Bones | Metacarpals of hands and metatarsals of feet.
Cube shaped
facilitate movement; transfer forces |
| Flat Bones | Cranial bones, scapula, ribs, hips
Provide broad surfaces for muscle attachment (protection) |
| Irregular bones | Vertebra, carpals, and tarsals.
Irregular shape
For attachment of other structures |
| Yellow marrow | Central cavities
Fat |
| Red marrow | Ends of long bones.
responsible for the formation of blood cells and platelets |
| Diaphysis | Shaft of the long bone.
Hard and compact |
| Epiphysis | Sponge like and is covered by shell of harder bone. |
| Epiphyseal growth plate | The place where the diaphysis and epuphysis meet |
| Axial division | Bones in the centre of the body
Skull, vertebral column, hyoid bone, ribs and stermum
(excluding clavicle) |
| Appendicular division | Appendage. |
| Joints- classification | Fibrous
Cartilaginous
synovia
OR
synarthrosis-immovable
amphaiarthrosis-slightly movable
diarthrosis - freely movable |
| Fibrous joints | 1.Sutures
2.Syndesmoses
3.gomphosis |
| Cartilaginous | 1. Synchondroses-primary: transitional stages of growth
2. Symphyses-secondary: Hyaline covered bones permanet fibrocartilage between |
| Synovial joints | 1. Plannar
2. Hinge
3. Pivot
4. Condyloid
5. Saddle
6. Ball and socket |
| Hinge | Allows one plane movement (Uniaxial)
Flexion and extension |
| Ball and socket | Triaxial
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and rotation |
| Pivot | Uniaxial
rotation |
| Planar (Gliding) | Biaxial
Back-forth, side to side movement |
| Saddle | Biaxial
Flexion and extension
abduction and adduction |
| Condyloid | Biaxial
Flexion and extension
Abductuon and addction |
| Skeletal Muscle | Each cell is called muscle fiber
Plasma membrane-sarcolemma |
| Epimysium | Sheath of dense connective tissue
Carry major nerves and blood supply |
| Perimysium | Thicker connective tissue surrounding a group of fibers
Forms bundle or fascicle
Contains larger blood vessels |
| Endomysium | Delicate layer of reticular fibers
contains only finest capillaries and nerves |
| I-band | Light, Actin (Thin) |
| A-band | Dark-both Actin and myosin (Thin and thick) |
| Z-line | Region between two-sacromere |
| Intercalated discs | Major site of attachment between cardiac cells.
2 conjunctions
gap junction and desmosomes |
| Smooth Muscle | Elongate, fusiform cells
organized into bundles or sheets |
| Skin layers | Epidermis, dermis and hypodermis |
| Epidermis | outermost layer
Keratinized stratified squamous epithelium |
| Epidermis cell types | 1.Keratinocytes
2. Melanocytes
3. Langerhans's cells
4. Merkel cells |
| Epidermis layers | 1. Stratum Baslae
2. Stratum Spinosum
3. Stratum Granulosum
4. Stratum lucidum
5. Stratum Corneum |
| Dermis | Richly in innervated and vascularized
Hair follicles, sweat glands, oil glands, lymphatic vessels, and sensory receptors |
| Dermis- layers | 1.Papillary layer
2.Reticular layer |
| Function of the integument | 1. Chemical barriers
2. Biological barriers
3. Physical barriers
4. Temperature regulation
5. Cutaneous sensation
6. Metabolic functions
7. Blood reservoir
8. Excretion |
| Burns | 1 degree-only epidermiss
2 degree-epidermis and upper dermis-blisters
3 degree-full thickness. Not painful. |
