Question | Answer |
Germ cells | Transmit genetic information from parent to offspring. |
Somatic cells | Form the body of the organism, any cells that aren’t the germ cell. |
DNA polymerase | Enzymes that synthesizes DNA by joining nucleotides together using a DNA template as a guide. |
Replication fork | Y shaped region of DNA molecule which 2 strands of DNA being separated & daughter strands being formed. |
Leading strand | 1 of 2 newly synthesized strands of DNA at rep fork. Made by continuous synthesis 5’-3’ direction. |
Lagging strand | 1 of 2 newly synthesized strands of DNA at rep fork. Made in discontinuous lengths an later joined covalently. |
DNA primase | Enzyme that synthesizes short strand of RNA on DNA template, producing a primer for DNA synthesis. |
RNA primers | Short stretch of RNA synthesized on DNA template. It is req’d by DNA polymerase to start synthesis. |
DNA helicases | Enzyme that is involved in opening DNA helix into single strands for DNA replication. |
SSBP | Protein that binds to single strand of opened up DNA double helix, prevent helical structure from reforming. |
Sliding clamp | Protein complex that holds DNA polymerase on DNA during replication. |
Clamp loader | Hydrolyzes ATP as it loads clamp on primer template junction |
Strand directed mismatch pair | System detects potential for distortion in DNA helix from misfit between noncompementary pairs. |
DNA topoisomerases | Reversible nuclease that adds itself covalently to DNA backbone to break phosphodiester bond to move rep fork. |
Replication origins | Location on DNA molecule at which duplication of DNA begins. |
S phase | Period of eukaryotic cell cycle in which DNA is synthesized. |
ORC | Large protein complex that bound DNA origins of replication in eukaryotic chromosomes in cell cycle. |
Histone chaperones | Protein that binds free histones, releasing them once incorporated newly replicated chromatin. |
Telomerase | Enzyme elongates telomere sequences in DNA, which occur at end of eukaryotic chromosomes. |
DNA repair | Erroneous changes in DNA due to metabolic accidents etc. that are corrected by set of processes. |
Base excision repair | DNA repair pathway in which single faulty bases removed from helix & replaced. |
Nucleotide excision repair | DNA repair corrects damage of helix, i.e. chemical or uv damage, by cutting damaged region out & using other strand as template. |
Nonhomologous end joining | Broken ends of DNA are joined by DNA ligation by deleting a DNA sequence. |
Hybridization - Process which 2 complementary nucleic acid form base pair duplex. | |
RecA protein | Prototype for DNA binding protein catalyze synapsis of DNA strand during genetic recombination. |
Rad51 | Human homolog of bacterial RecA protein |
Heteroduplex | Region of DNA helix formed by pairing of 2 DNA strands from 2 different DNA molecules. |
Holliday junction | X shaped structure observed in DNA undergoing recombination, 2 DNA are held together at site of crossing over. |
Alleles | One of several forms of genes. Each gene has 2 alleles, respect to locus on homologous chromosomes. |
Gene conversion | Process by which DNA sequence information transferred from one helix (unchanged) to another whose sequence is altered. |
Transposition | Segment of DNA move from one genome to another by transposition. |
Conservative site specific recombination | Genetic recombination which DNA strand exchange between segments possessing limited degree of sequence homology. |